Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου
Ηγεμόνες Υστερο-Aιγυπτιακής Εποχής
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Αίγυπτος
Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου
Ηγεμόνες Ελληνιστικής Αιγύπτου
Αιγυπτιακή Αυτοκρατορία
Ηγεμόνες Αιγυπτιακής Αυτοκρατορίας
Αιγύπτιοι
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>>Αρχαιο-Αιγυπτιακή<<
Δυναστεία 0α (0a)
Δυναστεία 0β (0b)
Δυναστεία 1η (I)
Δυναστεία 2η (II)
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>>Παλαιο-Αιγυπτιακή<<
Δυναστεία 3η (III)
Δυναστεία 4η (IV)
Δυναστεία 5η (V)
Δυναστεία 6η (VI)
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>>Πρώτη Ενδιάμεση<<
Δυναστεία 7η (VII)
Δυναστεία 8η (VIII)
Δυναστεία 9η (IX)
Δυναστεία 10η (X)
Δυναστεία 11α (XIa)
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>>Μεσο-Αιγυπτιακή<<
Δυναστεία 11β (XIb)
Δυναστεία 12η (XII)
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>>Δεύτερη Ενδιάμεση<<
Δυναστεία 13η (XIII)
Δυναστεία 14η (XIV)
Δυναστεία 15η (XV)
Δυναστεία 16η (XVI)
Δυναστεία 17η (XVII)
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>>Υστερο-Αιγυπτιακή (New)<<
Δυναστεία 18η (XVIII)
Δυναστεία 19η (XIX)
Δυναστεία 20η (XX)
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>>Τρίτη Ενδιάμεση<<
Δυναστεία 21η (XXI)
Δυναστεία 22η (XXII)
Δυναστεία 23η (XXIII)
Δυναστεία 24η (XXIV)
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>>Νεο-Αιγυπτιακή (Late)<<
Δυναστεία 25η (XXV)
Δυναστεία 26η (XXVI)
Δυναστεία 27η (XXVII)
Δυναστεία 28η (XXVIII)
Δυναστεία 29η (XXIX)
Δυναστεία 30η (XXX)
Δυναστεία 31η (XXXI)
Δυναστεία 32η (XXXII)
Δυναστεία 33η (XXXIII)
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Σουμερία (Sumer)
Ηγεμόνες Σουμερίας
Σουμέριοι
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Ακκαδία (Akkad)
Ηγεμόνες Ακκαδίας
Ακκάδιοι
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Συρία
Ηγεμόνες Συρίας
Σύροι
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Ισραηλία (Israel)
Ηγεμόνες Ισραηλίας
Ισραηλίτες
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Ιουδαία (Judash)
Ηγεμόνες Ιουδαίας
Ιουδαίοι
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Φοινίκη
Ηγεμόνες Φοινίκης
Φοίνικες
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Ασσυρία
Ηγεμόνες Ασσυρίας
Ασσύριοι
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Βαβυλωνία
Ηγεμόνες Βαβυλωνίας
Βαβυλώνιοι
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Μιταννία (Mitanni)
Ηγεμόνες Μιταννίας
Μιταννοί
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Χετταϊκή Αυτοκρατορία (Hatti)
Ηγεμόνες Χετταϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας
Χετταίοι
Ακολουθεί ολικός κατάλογος όλων των ηγεμόνων της Αιγύπτου.
Εισαγωγή[]
- Αρχαιο-Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (Early Dynastic Period) (3100 - 2686 BC)
- Παλαιο-Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (Old Kingdom) (2686 - 2181 BC)
- 1η Ενδιάμεση Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (1st Intermediate Period) (2181 - 2055 BC)
- Μεσο-Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (Middle Kingdom 2055 - 1650 BCE
- 2η Ενδιάμεση Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (2nd Intermediate Period) (1650 - 1550 BC)
- Υστερο-Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (New Kingdom 1550 - 1069 BCE
- 3η Ενδιάμεση Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (3rd Intermediate Period) (1069 - 664 BC)
- Νεο-Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (Late Period) (664 - 525 BC)
This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC.
Note that the dates given must be regarded in most instances as approximate. Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various, depending on how they are constructed and what assumptions are used. The list of pharaohs presented below is one such interpretation, but it is assuredly not the only one.
Ιστορικοί Κατάλογοι[]
The texts of existing primary old lists of pharaohs are incomplete:
- Palermo stone
- Turin Royal Canon
- Manetho's Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt)
- Abydos King List
- Karnak Tablet
- South Saqqara Stone (discovered 1923, includes dyn. 6)
- Saqqara Tablet - discovered 1861, includes dyn. 1-12)
Archibald Sayce gave comparative data on several of these lists in his book The Ancient Empires of the East (1884)[1], in addition to the lists found in Herodotus, Diodorus, Eratosthenes, and even a fanciful list found in "the Arabic writers". Yet another fanciful list that does not appear in Sayce, is found in the Book of Sothis that George Syncellus attributed to Manetho.
Κατάλογος[]
Μυθική Περίοδος[]
(Legendary period)
In the texts of the Palermo, Turin and Manetho king lists, there are different versions of names of 8 god kings that ruled Egypt before Menes.[2]
Αρχαϊκή Περίοδος[]
(Archaic period)
The Archaic period includes the Early Dynastic Period, when Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were ruled as separate kingdoms, and the First and Second Dynasties
Early dynastic: Lower Egypt[]
Lower Egypt, known as the Black Land, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta. The following list may not be complete:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 0α Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Tiu[3] | — | ? | |
| Thesh[3] | — | ? | |
| Hsekiu[3] | — | ? | |
| Wazner[3] | — | c. 3100 BC? | |
Early dynastic: Upper Egypt[]
Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence):
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 0β Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Serket I (Scorpion I) |
Σέρχεθις Α' | c. 3200 BC? | Oldest tomb at Umm el-Qa'ab had scorpion insignia |
| Iry-Hor | Ιρυχώρ | c. 3150 BC? | kingship uncertain |
| Ka[4][5] | Κοίος | c. 3100 BC | |
| Serket II (Scorpion II) |
Σέρχεθις Β' | c. 3100 BC | Potentially pronounced Serqet, but uncertain; possibly the same person as Narmer. |
| Narmer | Ναρμώρ | c. 3100 BC | The king who combined Upper and Lower Egypt.[6] |
1η Δυναστεία[]
(First Dynasty)
The First Dynasty ruled from c.3050 BC to 2890 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 1η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Hor-Aha Meni |
Μήνης | c. 3050 BC | Arguably the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt.[7] |
| Djer Iti, It... |
Άθωθις Α' | 41 years | Ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που ο Μανέθων αναφέρει υπό το όνομα Άθωθις. |
| Djet Wadj, Zet, and Uadji |
Άθωθις Β' ( = Ουασαφαίδος) |
23 years | |
| Merneith Meritnit, Meryet-Nit or Meryt-Neith |
Μίεβις ( = Μέρνεθις) |
— | Αντιβασίλισσα for Den |
| Den Hor-Den, Dewen and Udimu |
Κενκένης ( = Δήνις) |
14 to 20.1 years | |
| Anedjib Hor-Anedjib, Hor-Adjib and Enezib |
Ουενέφης ( = Άνωθις) |
10 years | |
| Semerkhet Semsem |
Σεμέψης ( = Σέμερχις) |
9 years | Ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που στα "Αιγυπτιακά" του Μανέθωνα αναγράφεται ως: "Σέμεψις ή "Σεμέψης" |
| Qa'a Qebehu, Sen Nebti |
Βιηνεχής | 2916 BC?–2890 BC | |
- Τοποθέτηση κατά Μανέθωνα:
& Μήνης (28), Άθωθις (57), Κενκένης (31), Ουενέφης (23), Ουσαφαίδος (20), Μίεβις (26). Σεμέψης (18), Βιηνεχής (26)
- Τοποθέτηση κατά Plouka:
&Menes , Djer, Merneith , Djet , Den , Anedjib, Semerkhet, Qa'a, Sneferka
2η Δυναστεία[]
(Second Dynasty)
The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 BC] to 2686 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 2η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Hotepsekhemwy ( = Bau-netjer) [8] |
Βόηθος ο Αφανής ( = Χοτέσεχμις) |
2890 BC–? | |
| Raneb ( = Kakau) [9] |
Κεαίχως ( = Νέβρις) |
39 years | |
| Nynetjer ( = Banetjer)[10] |
Βίνωθρις ( = Νύνεθρις) |
40 years | |
| Wneg (= Wadjnes) [11] |
Τλας ( = Βένεγις) |
8 years | |
| Senedj ( = Nesu)[12] |
Χένερις ή Χενέρης ( = Σένεθις) |
20 years | |
| Neferkare I ( = Aaka) |
Νέφρεχρις Α' Νεφέρχερις ή "Νεφερχέρης" |
— | |
| Seth-Peribsen | Σεθένης ( = Περίψενις) |
17 years | |
| Sekhemib-Perenmaat | Σέσωχρις ( = Σέχεμις). |
- | |
| Khasekhemwy ( = Depti) [13][14] |
Χαίρης (= Κάσεχμις) |
17 to 18 years - 2686 BC | |
Μία άλλη Τοποθέτηση (phouka.com):
Hetepsekhemwy - Reneb (Nebre) - Weneg - Ninetjer - Sened - Nubnefer - Neferkare I - Neferkaseker - Ουσαφάις (Hudjefa I) - Peribsen-Sekhemib - Khasekhemwy.
Παλαιο-Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (Old Kingdom)[]
The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley), spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through the Sixth Dynasty (2630–2151 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period -- or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness."
The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids".
3η Δυναστεία[]
The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 3η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Sanakhte (= Nebka) |
Τύρεις Σάναχθις) |
2686-2668 | |
| Netjerikhet ( = Djoser)[15][16] |
Νεχέρωχις Τοσόρθος |
2668–2649 | Had the Step Pyramid constructed by Imhotep[17] |
| Sekhemkhet (= Djoser Teti)[18] |
Τοσέρτασις ( = Σέγμεχθις) |
2649–2643 | |
| Khaba Nebkare |
Σώυφις | 2643–2637 | |
| Huni[19] |
Μέσωχρις | 2637–2613 | also read as Ni-Suteh, Nisut-Hu and Hu-en-nisut) |
| Qahedjet | Άχης | ||
- Τοποθέτηση κατά Μανέθωνα:
Νεχερώφης (28), Τοσόρθος (29), Τύρεις (7), Μέσωχρις (17), Σώυφις (16), Τοσέρτασις (19), Άχης (42), Σηφούρης (30), Κερφέρης (26) [Οι δύο τελευταίοι μάλλον ταυτίζονται με τους Χέοπα και Χεφρήνα της επόμενης δυναστείας και από λάθος του Μανέθωνα αναφέρονται και εδώ]
- Τοποθέτηση κατά Plouka:
Nebkha - Djoser - Sekhemkhet - Khaba - Huni
4η Δυναστεία[]
The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 BC to 2498 BC and included the pharaohs who had the "Great Pyramids" built, Χέοψ (Cheops), Χεφρήν (Chephren) and Μυκερίνος (Mycerinus).
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 4η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Sneferu | Σώρις ( = Σνέφρις) |
2613–2589 | Επίσης, ενδεχομένως ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που στα "Αιγυπτιακά" του Μανέθωνα αναγράφεται ως: "Σήφουρις, που όμως τοποθετείται στην 3η δυναστεία. Built the "Bent Pyramid", which is a pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, known as the "Red Pyramid". Some say that he was buried at the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried at the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that this is Sneferu's body. |
| Khufu ( = Cheops) |
Χέοψ (= Σώφις Α') (ή Σούφις) |
2589–2566 | Built the great pyramid of Giza. Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, name, and monuments have perished for one reason or another. |
| Djedefra (Radjedef) |
Ράτοισις (ή "Ρατοίσης") Τούθεφρις |
2566–2558 | |
| Khafra | Χεφρήν Σώφις Β' ή "Σούφις" |
2558–2532 | Επίσης, ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που στα "Αιγυπτιακά" του Μανέθωνα αναγράφεται ως: "Κέρφερις ή "Κερφέρης", που όμως τοποθετείται στην 3η δυναστεία. His pyramid is the second largest in Giza and has a sphinx as a monument built for him. |
| Bakara | Βίχερις | ||
| Menkaura Mycerinus |
Μυκερίνος Μένχερις ή Μεγχέρης |
2532–2503 | His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. |
| Shepseskaf | Σεψέσκαφις Σεβέρχερις ή Σεβερχέρης |
2503–2498 | |
| Djed-ef-ptah | Θάμφθις ( = Τούθεφθις) |
— | |
- Τοποθέτηση κατά Μανέθωνα:
- Σώρις (29), Σώφις Α' (63), Σώφις Β' (66), Μενχέρης (63), Ρατοίσης (25), Βίχερις (22), Σεβερχέρης (7), Θάμφθις (9)
- Τοποθέτηση κατά Plouka:
- Sneferu - Khufu (Cheops) - Kauab - Djedefre - khafre (Chephren) - Bakare - Menkaure - Shepseskaf - Djedefpta -
5η Δυναστεία[]
The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 5η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| User-ka-f | Ουσέρχερις ( = Ουσερχέρης) |
2498–2491 | |
| Sa-hu-Re | Σέχρις ( = Σέφρις) ή Σεφρής |
2490–2477 | |
| Nefer-ir-ka-Re I Kakai |
Νεφρέριχρις Α' | 2477–2467 | Ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που στα "Αιγυπτιακά" του Μανέθωνα αναγράφεται ως: "Νεφερχέρης" |
| Shepses-ka-Re Isi |
Σέψεχρις | 2467–2460 | Ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που στα "Αιγυπτιακά" του Μανέθωνα αναγράφεται ως: "Σίσιρις" ή "Σισίρης" . |
| Nefer-ef-Re | Νέφρεφρις | 2460–2453 | Ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που στα "Αιγυπτιακά" του Μανέθωνα αναγράφεται ως: "Χέρης". |
| Ni-user-Re Ini |
Νύσερις | 2453–2422 | Ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που στα "Αιγυπτιακά" του Μανέθωνα αναγράφεται ως: "Ράθωρις" ή "Ραθούρης". |
| Men-kau-Hor Kaiu |
Μέγχωχωρ | 2422–2414 | Ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που στα "Αιγυπτιακά" του Μανέθωνα αναγράφεται ως: "Μέγχερις" ή "Μεγχέρης" |
| Djed-ka-Re Isesi |
Τέθχερις Α' | 2414–2375 | Ταυτίζεται με τον ηγεμόνα που στα "Αιγυπτιακά" του Μανέθωνα αναγράφεται ως: "Τάγχερις" ή "Τανχέρης" |
| Unas | Όννος Β' | 2375–2345 | |
Μιά άλλη Τοποθέτηση
Userkaf - Sahure - Neferirkare I (Kakai) - Shepseskare - Neferefre - Niuserre - Mankauhor - Djedkare - Unas -
6η Δυναστεία[]
The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 BC to 2181 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 6η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Teti | Οθόης ( = Τήθις) |
2345–2333 | |
| Userkare | Ουσέρχερις | 2333–2332 | |
| Pepi I (Meryre_ |
Φίωψ Α' | 2332–2283 | |
| Merenre I Nemtyemsaf | Νενθέσωφις Α' | 2283–2278 | |
| Pepi II (Neferkare) | Φίωψ Β' | 2278–2184 or 2246 - 2152 |
Possible unto 2224 which would explain the following 4 kings. |
| Neferka "ο Παίδας" | Νέφερχις | 2200–2199 | Only mentioned in the Redford. Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. |
| "Nefer ..." | Νέφρις | 2197–2193 | Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day according to Turin Canon |
| Aba | Άβας | 2193–2176 | Reigned for 4 years and 2 months. Reign dates don't follow Turin Canon. Highly unlikely. |
| Unknown king | Unknown king attested here | ||
| Merenre II Nemtyemsaf.[20] | Νενθέσωφις Β' | 2184 | Uncertain pharaoh. |
| Neitiqerty Siptah | Νίτωκρις | 2184–2181 | Ο Μανέθων ή οι μεταγραφείς του τον θεώρησαν εκ λάθους ως γυναίκα. (Την περιγράψει ως ξανθή και καλλίγραμμη. Είναι προφανές ότι την συγχέει με την μεταγενέστερη Νεφερτίτη).
|
Μία άλλη τοποθέτηση
Teti I - Userkare (possibly a usurper) - Pepi I - Merenre I - Pepi II - (possibly) Merenre II - Nitocris - several unattested pharaohs: - Neferka - Nefer - Aba -
1η Ενδιάμεση Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (First intermediate period)[]
The First Intermediate Period is the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.
The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age.
The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.
Around 2160 BC, a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna. In the meantime, however, a rival line based at Thebes was reuniting Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.
Around 2055 BC, a descendant of the pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, founded the Eleventh Dynasty and ruled as Mentuhotep II, the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom.
7η Δυναστεία[]
(Seventh Dynasty)
The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from 2181 BC to 2160 BC. (This table is based on the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html)
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 7η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Netjeri-ka-Re | Νέθεχρις | ? | |
| Men-ka-Re | Μένεχρις | ? | |
| Nefer-ka-Re II | Νέφρεχρις Β' | ? | von Beckerath reckons it was incorrect inscription of the name Wadj-ka-Re. |
| Nefer-ka-Re Nebi | Νέφρεχρις Γ' | ? | Son of Pepi II by queen Ankhesen-pepi II. Nebi = Προστάτης |
| Djed-ka-Re Shemai | Τέθεχρις Β' | ? | Ίσως αντιβασιλέας. Shemai = Νομάδας |
| Nefer-ka-Re Khendu | Νέφρεχρις Δ' | ? | Khendu = Διασκελιστής |
| Mer-en-Hor | Μερέγχωρ | ? | |
| Nefer-kamin Snefer-ka | Νεφρέκαμις Α' | ? | |
| Ni-ka-Re | Νίχρις Α' | ? | |
| Nefer-ka-Re Tereru | Νέφρεχρις Ε' | ? | |
| Nefer-ka-Hor | Νέφρεγχωρ | ? | |
Μία άλλη τοποθέτηση (phouka.com):
Netrikare - Mankare - Neferkare II - Neferkare III - Djedkare II - Neferkare IV - Merenhor - Menkamin I - Nikare - Neferkare V - Neferkahor -
Neferkare VI - Neferkamin II - Wadjkare - Sekhemkare - Isu - Iytenu - Ibi I - Neferkaure - Imhotep - Neferkauhore Kapuibi - Neferirkare II -
8η Δυναστεία[]
(Eighth Dynasty)
The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from 2181 to 2160 BC. (This table is based on the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html)
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 8η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Nefer-ka-Re Pepiseneb Sheri = ο Νεώτερος |
Νέφρεχρις ΣΤ' | ? | |
| Nefer-ka-min Anu |
Νεφρέκαμις Β' | ? | |
| Qa-ka-Re Ibi | Κάχρις | 2 - 4 έτη | |
| Nefer-kau-Re II | Νεφρέχωρις Β' | ? | |
| Nefer-ir-ka-Re | Νεφρέριχρις Β' | ? | |
9η Δυναστεία[]
(Ninth Dynasty)
The Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 9η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Khety Mary-ib-Re Achthy |
Αχθόης Α' | 2160– ? | |
| Νέφρεχρις Ζ'
(Neferkare VII) |
Ίσως αντιβασιλέας. | ? | |
| Khety II Achthy. | Αχθόης B' ο Τρομερός | ? | |
| Khety III Achthy | Αχθόης Γ' | ? | |
The Ninth Dynasty is comprised of four kings ( only two of which we know) who ruled from Hieracleopolis, and were at least recognized throughout the rest of Egypt. The sequence of the pharaohs is very unclear:
Meryibre Akhtoy, Neferkare V, 2 (or more) unknown kings
10η Δυναστεία[]
(Tenth Dynasty)
The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 10η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Khety IV Meri-ka-Re |
Αχθόης Δ' | ? | |
| Khety V Neb-kau-Re |
Αχθόης Ε' | ? | (According to J. von Beckerath) he is the author of famous "Precepts" for king Merikare in which he instructs his son how to deal with the royalty.
Neb ( = golden) |
| Meri-ka-Re ( = Beloved Is The Soul Of Re) |
Μέριχρις | ? | |
| Meri-Hathor | Μέριχθωρ | ? | |
| Khety VI Wah-ka-Re |
Αχθόης ΣΤ' | ? | |
The Tenth Dynasty is not much clearer. There were fourteen Heracleopolitan kings who rule the North, and shared control of the South with the contemporary Theban Dynasty XI until Mentuhotep united the country once again some time between 2047 and 2022 BCE. Only Six kings are attested to in contemporary sources:
Meri[...]re Akhtoy, Nebkaure Akhtoy, Mereikare, Meri-Hathor, Wahkare Akhtoy, Khui
11α Δυναστεία[]
(Eleventh Dynasty)
The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 11α Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Mentuhotep I Tepy-a. |
Μενθέσωφις Α' | 2134– | Αμφισβητείται η ύπαρξή του. |
| Intef I Se-her-tawy, |
Ίντεφις Α' | 2125–2112 | |
| Intef II Wah-ankh |
Ίντεφις Β' | 2112–2063 | |
| Intef III Nakht-nebtep-nefer |
Ίντεφις Γ' | 2063–2055 | |
| Intef IV Se-nefer-taui-ef |
Ίντεφις Δ' ο Διεκδικητής |
? | (possibly only in Nubia) |
Μεσο-Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (Middle Kingdom)[]
The Middle Kingdom is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the Hyksos.
11β Δυναστεία[]
(Eleventh Dynasty Continued)
The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 11β Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Mentuhotep II[22] Nebhepetre |
Μενθέσωφις Β' | 2060–2010 | Gained all Egypt 2040. |
| Mentuhotep III[23] Sankhkare |
Μενθέσωφις Γ' | 2010–1998 | |
| Mentuhotep IV[24]Nebtawyre | Μενθέσωφις Δ' | 1997–1991 | |
12η Δυναστεία[]
(Twelfth Dynasty)
The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC, and is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 12η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Amenemhat I[25][26] | Αμμένεμις Α' | 1991–1962 | |
| Senusret I [27] (Sesostris I) |
Σέσωστρις Α' | 1971–1926 | |
| Amenemhat II [28] | Αμμένεμις Β' | 1929–1895 | |
| Senusret II[29] (Sesostris II) |
Σέσωστρις Β' | 1897–1878 | |
| Senusret III[30] (Sesostris III) | Σέσωστρις Γ' | 1878–1860 | Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs. |
| Amenemhat III[31] | Αμμένεμις Γ' | 1860–1815 | |
| Amenemhat IV[32] | Αμμένεμις Δ' | 1815–1807 | Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso. |
| Sobekneferu[33] | Σκεμίοφρις | 1807–1803 | A rare female ruler. |
Τοποθέτηση κατά Plouka.com
Amenemhet I, Senusret I, Amenemhet II, Senusret II, Senusret III, Amenemhet III, Amenemhet IV, Neferusobek
2η Ενδιάμεση Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (Second intermediate period)[]
The Second Intermediate Period is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties.
The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt. The provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.
The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell ed-Dab'a/Khata'na). The Hyksos, led by Salitis, the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, overran Egypt during the reign of Dudimose I.
Around the time Memphis fell to the Hyksos, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes declared its independence and set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia
13η Δυναστεία[]
(Thirteenth Dynasty)
The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1803 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 Yrs according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 13η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα | |
| Wegaf Khwi-tawi-Re ( = προστάτης των δύο Χωρών) |
Βέγαφις | 2 years + 2 mohths, 1776 - 1774 | ||
| Amenemhat Sekhem-ka-Re, Senbuf, |
Αμμένεμις Δα' | 3 yrs, 1773 - 1768 | ||
| Sekhem-Re Ι Khu-tawi ( = προστάτης των δύο Χωρών), Panteni |
Σέκεμρις Α' | 6 years 1767 - 1761 | ||
| Amenemhat V Sekhem-ka-Re. |
Αμμένεμις Ε' | 1761 - 1758 | O Franke is questioning the existence of this Amenemhat. | |
| Se-hοtep-ib-re Ameni Qemau |
Σέχωβρις Α' | 1758 - 1757 | In opinion of Kim Ryholt, Ameni Kemau (1793-1791) & Se-hetep-ib-re (1783-1781) are two different kings. | |
| Iufeni (= He Belongs To Me) |
Ίφενις | 1756 | ||
| Amenemhat VI Sankh-ib-Re Ameni Intef Suadjetu |
Αμμένεμις ΣΤ' | 1756 - 1750 | ||
| Semen-ka-Re, Neb-Nun | Σέμεγχρις | 1750 - 1748 | ||
| Se-hοtep-ib-re Hetep-ib-re Hor-nedj-her-iotef |
Σέχωβρις Β' | 1748 - 1745 | A ruler presumably of Asiatic origin. | |
| Sewadj-ka-Re (= Re of Refreshing ka) |
Σέβαχρις | 1745 - 1743 | ||
| Nedjem-ib-Re ( = Pleasant Is The Hart Of Re) | Νέδεμβρις | 1742 | Αντιβασιλέας. | |
| Sobek-hotep I Kaw-ankh-Re Djed-kaw Sema-taui. |
Σόβωφις Α' | 1741 - 1738 (3+ years) | Some researchers believe that Sobekhotep I was the founder of the 13th Dynasty, having been switched with Wegaf. | |
| Ren-seneb ( = My Name Is Healthy) | Ρεσένεβις | 1736, (four months) | ||
| Hor I Aw-ib-Re |
Ώρος Α' | 1736 - 1731 | ||
| Amenemhat VII Sedjefa-ka-Re |
Αμμένεμις Ζ' | 1731 - 1724 (6-7 years) | ||
| Sobek-hotep II Sekhem-Re Khu-taw Amenemhat. |
Σόβωφις Β' | 1724 - 1718 | He is, very likely, the son of the earlier Sobekhotep I and queen Nubhetepti. | |
| Khendjer User-ka-Re Nikanimaetre |
Χένθρις | 4 έτη, c. 1765 | ||
| Intef V Se-hotep-ka-Re |
Ίντεφις Ε' | ? | ||
| Sobek-hotep I Sekhem-Re Sewadj-tawy |
Σόβωφις Γ' | 4 years and 2 months, c. 1755 | ||
| Nefer-hotep I Kha-sekhem-Re |
Νεφέρωφις Α' | 11 years, 1751–1740 | ||
| Sobek-hotep IV Kha-nefer-Re |
Σόβωφις Δ' | 10 or 11 years, 1740–1730 | ||
| Sobek-hotep V Mer-hotep-Re |
Σόβωφις Ε' | c. 1730 | ||
| Sobek-hotep VI Kha-hotep-Re |
Σόβωφις ΣΤ' | ? | ||
| Sedjefakare | c. 5 to 7 yrs. | A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents. | ||
| Imyremeshaw | ? | |||
| Ibiau Wahibre |
Ίβις | 10 years & 8 months, c. 1725–1714 | ||
| Ay I Mer-nefer-re |
Αίγις Α' | 23 years & 8 months, c. 1714–1691 | ||
| Ini I Mer-hotep-re |
Ίνις Α' | 2 years & 2 months | ||
| Sankhenre Sewadjtu | ? | |||
| Ini II Mer-sekhem-re |
Ίνις Β' | ? | ||
| Sewadjkare Hori | ? | |||
The position of the following kings is uncertain:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 13η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Senebmiu | Σενέψης | ? | |
| Sobekhotep VI | Σόβωφις ΣΤ' | ? | |
| Neferhotep II | Νεφέρωφις Β' | ? | |
| Sobekhotep VII | Σόβωφις Ζ' | ? | |
| Senwosret IV | Σέσωστρις Δ' | ? | |
| Mentuhotep V | Μενθέσωφις Ε' | ? | |
| Senaaib | Σέναβις | ? | |
| Dudimose I | Τουτιμαίος Α' | c. 1654 | |
| Ibi II? | Ίβις Β' | - | |
| Hor II? | Ώρος Β' | - | |
| Dudimose II | Τουτιμαίος Β' | ? | |
Μία άλλη τοποθέτηση
Wegaf - Amenemhet-senebef - Sekhemre-Khutawi - Amenemhet V - Sehetepibre I - Iufni - Amenemhat VI - Semenkare - Sehetepibre II - Sweadjkare - Nedjemibre - Sobekhotep I - Reniseneb - Hor I - Amenemhet VII - Sobekhotep II - Khendjer - Imira-mesha - Inyotef IV - Seth Sobekhotep III - Neferhotep I - Sihathor - Sobekhotep IV - Sobekhotep V - Iaib - Ay - Sewadjtu - Ined - Hori - Sobekhotep VI - Neferhotep II - Sobekhotep VII - Senwosret IV - Montuhotep V - Mentuemsaf - Dedumes I - Neferhotep III - Sobekhotep VIII - Ibi II - Hor II - Senebmiu - Sekhanre I - Merkheperre - Merikare .
14η Δυναστεία[]
(Fourteenth Dynasty)
The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois (Avaris), that ruled from around 1705 to around 1690 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 14η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Nehesy | Νέχεσις | c. 1705 | |
| Khakherewre ? | - | ? | |
| Nebefawre | - | c. 1704 | |
| Sehebre ? | - | ? | |
| Merdjefare | - | c. 1699 | |
| Sewadjkare ? | - | ? | |
| Nebdjefare | - | c. 1694 | |
| Webenre ? | - | ? | |
| ? | |||
| Χ-djefare ? | - | ? | |
| Χ-webenre | - | c. 1690 | |
The position of the following kings is uncertain:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 14η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Sheshi[34] | — | (1747-1728 BC) Υψηλή χρονολόγηση | It seems clear that Sheshi was a ruler of the Early Hyksos, and that the beginning of Jericho V must be dated in that era. Sheshi must have been quite an important and impressive figure to have been at the beginning of both Sharuhen in the Gaza area and Avaris in the Eastern Nile Delta as well as Jericho! It seems that he had founded an empire comprising both the Eastern Delta and pretty much all of Southern Palestine, in which the Egyptians had no say. The end of Tomb Group V is difficult to discern through lack of further datable finds, so through lack of further evidence we will have to place this end at least at or near the end of Sheshi’s reign, 1728 BC |
| Yakubher[34] | — | ? | |
The Turin King List provides an additional 25 names, some fragmentary, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.
15η Δυναστεία[]
(Fifteenth Dynasty)
The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people: desert Bedouins who emerged out of the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 15η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Salitis | Σαλίτης | 1674 - 1654 π.Χ. 20 years |
|
| Yakub-Har | Απαχνάν ή Παχνάν ή Βνων |
1654 - 1644 π.Χ. 10 years |
|
| Sakir-Har | Άρχλις | 1644 - 1635 π.Χ. 9 years |
|
| Khyan | Στάαν | 1635 - 1605 π.Χ. 30 years |
|
| Yanassi | Ιαννάς υιός του Στάαν |
1605 π.Χ. Days or Months |
|
| Apepi | Άπωφις A' | 1605 - 1544 π.Χ. 61 years |
|
| Khamudi | Άπωφις B' ή Κάμωθις, ή Άσσις, υιός του Απώφιος Α' |
1544 - 1534 π.Χ. 11 years. |
|
16η Δυναστεία[]
(Sixteenth Dynasty)
The Sixteenth Dynasty was a local native kingdom from Thebes who ruled Egypt for between 80 and 100 years, according to Kim Ryholt.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 16η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα | |
| ? | ? | ? | name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered | |
| Djehuti (Sekhemresementawy) |
Θώθις | 3 yrs | ||
| Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemreseusertawy) |
Σόβωφις Η' | 16 yrs | ||
| Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy) |
Νεφέρωφις Γ' | 1 yr | ||
| Mentuhotep VI (Sankhenre) | Μενθέσωφις ΣΤ' | 1 yr | ||
| Nebiriau I Sewadjenre |
Νεβραίος Α' | 26 yrs | ||
| Nebiriau II | Νεβραίος Β' | |||
| Semenre | Σέμερις | |||
| Bebiankh (Seuserenre) |
Βεβίαγχις | 12 yrs | ||
| Sekhemre II (Shedwast) |
Σέκεμρις Β' | |||
| - | The names of five kings are lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered. Their identity is uncertain | - | ||
Some sources include as many as six more names – Helck however gives a different list of rulers for the 16th dynasty: [35]
| Name | Horus name | Comments | Consort |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anat-her | |||
| User-Anat | |||
| Semqen | |||
| Bebi-Ankh | Seuserenre | ||
| Pepi III | Sneferankh-re | ||
| Nebmaatre | |||
| Nikare | |||
| Meribre | |||
| Nubankhre | |||
| Ahotepre | |||
| Anetjerre | |||
| Kha-userre | |||
| Saket | |||
| Wadjet | |||
| Qar | |||
| Yakbaam | |||
| Amu | |||
| Nia... |
Η παλαιά ταξινόμηση ενσωμάτωνε μη-Αιγύπτιους πρίγκηπες (Hyksos): Anat-Her - User-anat - Semqen - Zaket - Wasa - Ηar - Φίωψ Γ' (Pepi III) - Bebankh - Nebmaatre - Νίχρις Β' (Nikare II) - Aahotepre - Aaneterire - Nubankhre - Nubuserre - Khauserre - Khamure - jacob-Baal - Yakbam - Yoam Amu
17η Δυναστεία[]
(Seventeenth Dynasty)
The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 17η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Rahotep Sekhem-re-wahkhau |
Ράχωφις | 1650- ? | |
| Sobekemsaf I Sekhem-re-shedta-wy |
Σοβέσωφις Α' | 3 years | |
| Intef VI Sekhem-re-wep-maat |
Ίντεφις ΣΤ' | - | |
| Intef VII Neb-kheper-re |
Ίντεφις Ζ' | - | |
| Intef VIII Sekhem-re-heruhir-maat |
Ίντεφις Η' | ||
| Sobek-em-saf II Sekhem-re-wadjkhau |
Σοβέσωφις Β' | - | |
| Tao I the Elder (ie: Senakht-en-re) |
Τάως Α' | c. 1558 | |
| Tao II the Brave (Seqen-en-re) |
Τάως Β' | c. 1558-1554 | |
| Kamose | Κάμωσις | 1554-1549 | |
Inyotef V - Rahotep - Sobekemzaf I - Djehuti - Mentuhotep VI - Nebirau I - Nebirau II - Senwosret V - Semenenre - Susserenre - Sobekemzaf II - Inyotef VI - Inyotef VII - Tao I - Tao II - Kamose
Υστερο-Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (New Kingdom)[]
The New Kingdom is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.
Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.
Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, and Ramesses II, who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.
18η Δυναστεία[]
(Eighteenth Dynasty)
The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from 1550 to 1295 BC:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 18η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Ahmose I Neb-peh-tire |
Άμωσις Α' ο Απελευθερωτής |
1550 - 1525 π.Χ. | Αμώς του Μανέθωνα. Successor to Kamose, above. |
| Amenhotep I Djeser-kare |
Αμένωφις Α' ο Επιφανής |
1525 - 1504 π.Χ. | Υιός του Αμώσιος Α' Αμμενώφις του Μανέθωνα. |
| Thutmose I A-kheper-kare |
Τούθμωσις Α' ο Κατακτητής |
1504 - 1492 π.Χ. | Υποτιθέμενος υιός του Αμενώφιος Α'. Τέθμωσις του Μανέθωνα. |
| Thutmose II A-kheper-en-re |
Τούθμωσις Β' ο Μικρός |
1492 - 1479 π.Χ. | Υιός του Τουθμώσιος Α' και αδελφός και σύζυγος της Χατσεψούδης. Χεβρών του Μανέθωνα. |
| Hatshepsut Maat-ka-re |
Χατσεψούδη | 1473 - 1458 π.Χ. | Θυγατέρα του Τουθμώσιος Α'. Αδελφή και σύζυγος του Τουθμώσιος Β'. Μητριά του Τουθμώσιος Γ'. Μίφρις του Μανέθωνα. The second known female ruler, though quite possibly the seventh (the reigns of five other women are likely, but disputed). Recent evidence suggests she died of bone cancer[36]. |
| Thutmose III Men-kheper-(en)re |
Τούθμωσις Γ' ο Μέγας. |
1479 - 1425 π.Χ. | Υιός του Τουθμώσιος Β' Μιφραγμούθωσις του Μανέθωνα. Often called the "Napoleon of Egypt." Dominated early in his reign by his stepmother Hatshepsut; after she died, he began expanding Egyptian rule into the Levant. |
| Amenhotep II A-kheperu-re |
Αμένωφις Β' ο Υπερήφανος |
1425 - 1400 π.Χ. | Υιός του Τουθμώσιος Γ'. Άμενσις του Μανέθωνα. Εκ λάθους θεωρείται γυναίκα και καταγράφεται ως "Αμενσίς". Επίσης από λάθος φαίνεται να έπεται του διδύμου Χατσεψούδης και Τουθμώσιος Γ' ενώ στην πραγματικότητα προηγείται. |
| Thutmose IV Men-kheperu-re |
Τούθμωσις Δ' ο Ειρηνικός |
1400 - 1390 π.Χ. | Υιός του Αμενώφιος Β'. Θμώσις του Μανέθωνα. |
| Amenhotep III The Magnificent Neb-maat-re |
Αμένωφις Γ' ο Μεγαλοπρεπής |
1390 - 1352 π.Χ. | Υιός του Τουθμώσιος Δ'. His name means Lord of the truth is Ra. He ruled Egypt at the peak of her glory, his mortuary temple was the largest ever built, but was destroyed by Rameses II to build his own temple. Thought to be the grandfather of Tutankhamun |
| Amenhotep IV ( = Akhenaten) Nefer-kepheru-re Wa-en-re |
Αμένωφις Δ' ο Ανακαινιστής ο Αθωνιστής |
1352 - 1334 π.Χ. | Υιός του Αμενώφιος Γ'. Ακέγχερις Α' του Μανέθωνα. Founder of brief period of monotheism (Αθωνισμός (Atenism)) His original name means "Amun is pleased." |
| Nefer-neferu-aten Ankh-kheperu-re |
Ράχωτις | 1335 - 1333 π.Χ. | Πιθανόν η Νεφερτίτη; possibly Akhenaten's daughter Meritaten. |
| Smenkhkare Ankh-kheperu-re |
Σμέγχερις ο Ασαφής |
1334 - 1333 π.Χ. | Ακέγχερις Β' του Μανέθωνα, επίσης "Αχερρής". Possible coregent with Akhenaten. |
| Tutankhamun ( = Tutankhaten) Neb-kheperu-re |
Τουταγχαμών ο Παλινορθωτής |
1333-1324 | Ακέγχερις Γ' του Μανέθωνα, επίσης "Χερρής". Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, probably reinstated the polytheistic religion and the name change reflects the change in primary deity from Aten to Amun. |
| Ay II Kheper-khepru-re |
Αίγις Β' ο Διαλλακτικός |
1324 - 1320 π.Χ. | Άρμαΐς του Μανέθωνα |
| Horemheb Djeser-kheperu-re Setep-en-re |
Ωρόχεβις ο Εξολοθρευτής |
1320 - 1292 π.Χ. | Ώρος Γ' του Μανέθωνα. Former General and advisor to Tutankhamun. Obliterated images of the Amarna queens and kings (all except Amenhotep III and Tiye). |
- Σύμφωνα με Μανέθωνα (μέσω Ιώσηπου)
Τέθμωσις (25 έτη + 4 μήνες), Χέβρων (13 έτη), Αμένωφις (20 έτη + 7 μήνες), Αμεσσίς (αδελφή του) (21 έτη + 9 μήνες),
Μήφρης (12 έτη + 9 μήνες), Μηφραμούθωσις (25 έτη + 12 μήνες), Θμώσης (9 έτη + 8 μήνες), Αμένωφις (30 έτη + 10 μήνες),
Ώρος (36 έτη + 5 μήνες), Ακεγχερής (θυγατέρα του) (12 έτη + 1 μήνας), Ράθωτις (9 έτη) (αδελφός της), Ακεγχήρης (12 έτη + 5 μήνες), Ακεγχήρης (12 έτη + 3 μήνες), Άρμαϊς (4 έτη + 1 μήνας)
Ραμέσσης (1 έτος + 4 μήνες), Αρμέσσης Μιαμούν (66 έτη + 2 μήνες), Αμένωφις (19 έτη + 6 μήνες), Σέθως/"Ραμέσσης" (~ Αίγυπτος) (νίκησε τον αποστατήσαντα αδελφό του Άρμαϊν (~ Δαναό))
- Σύμφωνα με Μανέθωνα (μέσω Θεόφιλου)
Τέθμωσις (x+25 έτη), Χεβρών (13 έτη), Αμένωφις (20 έτη + 7 μήνες), Αμέσση (αδελφή του) (21 έτη + 1 μήνας),
Μήφρης (12 έτη + 12 μήνες), Μηφραμμούθωσις (20 έτη + 10 μήνες), Τυθμώσης (9 έτη + 8 μήνες), Αμένωφις (30 έτη + 10 μήνες),
Ώρος (36 έτη + 5 μήνες), Ακεγχερής (θυγατέρα του) (12 έτη + 1 μήνας), Ράθωτις (9 έτη), Ακεγχήρης (12 έτη + 12 μήνες), Ακεγχήρης (12 έτη + 3 μήνες), Άρμαϊς (4 έτη + 1 μήνας)
Ραμέσσης (1 έτος + 4 μήνες), Ραμέσσης Μιαμού (66 έτη + 2 μήνες), Αμένωφις (19 έτη + 6 μήνες), Σέθως/"Ραμέσσης" (~ Αίγυπτος) (10 έτη)
- Σύμφωνα με Μανέθωνα (μέσω Αφρικανού)
Αμώς, Χεβρώς (13 έτη), Αμενωφθίς (24 έτη), Αμενσίς (22 έτη),
Μίσαφρις (13 έτη), Μισφραγμούθωσις (26 έτη), Τούθμωσις (9 έτη), Αμένωφις (31 έτη) (ή Μέμνων),
Ώρος (37 έτη), Αχερρής (32 έτη), Ραθώς (6 έτη), Χεβρής (12 έτη), Αχερρής (12 έτη), Αρμεσίς (5 έτη)
Ραμέσσης (1 έτος), Αμενωφάθ (19 έτη)
- Σύμφωνα με Μανέθωνα (μέσω Ευσέβιου)
Άμωσις (25 έτη), Χεβρών (13 έτη), Αμμενώφθις (21 έτη), Μη αναφερθείς Φαραώ,
Μίφρης (12 έτη), Μισφραγμούθωσις (26 έτη), Τούθμωσις (9 έτη), Αμένωφις (31 έτη) (ή Μέμνων),
Ώρος (36 έτη), Αχενχέρσης (12 έτη), [Άθωρις (39 έτη)], [Κενχέρης (16 έτη)] (~ Φαραώ Εβραϊκής Εξόδου), Αχερρής (8 έτη), Χερρής (15 έτη), Άρμαϊς (5 έτη) (~ Δαναός)
Ραμεσής (68 έτη) (~ Αίγυπτος), Αμμένωφις (40 έτη)
19η Δυναστεία[]
(Nineteenth Dynasty)
The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 19η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Ramesses I[37] | Ραμσής Α' ο Γέρων | 1292-1290 | |
| Seti I[38] | Σέθωσις Α' | 1290-1279 | |
| Ramesses II the Great[39] | Ραμσής Β' | 1279-1213 | The ruler usually associated with Moses; he reached a stalemate with the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which the earliest known peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC. |
| Merneptah[40] | Μέρνεφθις Α' | 1213-1203 | A stele describing his campaigns in Libya and Canaan contains the first known reference to the Israelites. |
| Amenemses | Αμμώνεμσις | 1203-1200 | |
| Seti II[41] | Σέθωσις Β' | 1203-1197 | |
| Merneptah Siptah[42] | Μέρνεφθις Β' Σίφθις | 1197-1191 | |
| Tausret | Θούωρις | 1191-1190 | Η Αλκάνδρα του Ομήρου. A rare female ruler also known as Tawosret in some places, she was probably the wife of Seti II.[43] |
20η Δυναστεία[]
(Twentieth Dynasty
The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1185 to 1069 BC:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 20η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Setnakhte | Σεθώναχθις | 1190-1186 | |
| Ramesses III | Ραμσής Γ' | 1186-1155 | Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC. |
| Ramesses IV | Ραμσής Δ' | 1155-1149 | |
| Ramesses V | Ραμσής Ε' | 1149-1145 | |
| Ramesses VI | Ραμσής ΣΤ' | 1145-1137 | |
| Ramesses VII | Ραμσής Ζ' | 1137-1130 | |
| Ramesses VIII | Ραμσής Η' | 1130-1129 | |
| Ramesses IX | Ραμσής Θ' | 1129-1111 | |
| Ramesses X[44] | Ραμσής Ι' | 1111-1107 | |
| Ramesses XI[45] | Ραμσής ΙΑ' | 1107-1077 | Ended rule sharing power with High Priest of Amun Herihor ruling in the south and Smendes I ruling in the north, a period known as wehem mesut.[46] |
3η Ενδιάμεση Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (Third intermediate period)[]
The Third Intermediate Period marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.
21η Δυναστεία[]
(Twenty-first Dynasty) (Τάνις)
The Twenty-first Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 945 BC
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 21η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Nesbanebdjed I Smendes I [47] |
Σμένδις Α' | 1077-1051 | |
| Amenemnisu | Αμμώνεμνις | 1051-1047 | |
| Psusennes I | Ψουσέννης Α' | 1047-1001 | |
| Amenemope | Αμμώνεμφις | 1001-992 | |
| Osorkon the Elder | Οσοχώρ | 992-986 | * ( Osochor ) |
| Siamun | Σιαμών | 986-967 | |
| Psusennes II | Ψουσέννης Β' | 967-943 | |
21η Δυναστεία[]
(Twenty-first Dynasty) (Θήβες) (Ιερείς)
- Χεριχώρ (Herihor) 1080-1074
- Πίαγχις (Piankh) 1074-1070
- Πίνεθις Α' (Pinedjem I) 1070-1032
- Μασάχερτις (Masaharta) 1054-1046
- Τουθχόνσεφθις (Djedkhonsuefankh) 1046-1045
- Μέγχεπρις (Menkheperre) 1045-992
- Σμένδις Β' (Smendes II) 992-990
- Πίνεθις Β' (Pinedjem II) 990-969
- Ψουσέννης Γ' (Psusennes III) 969-945
22η Δυναστεία[]
(Twenty-second Dynasty)
The pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 945 to 720 BC:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 22η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Shoshenq I | Σέσωγχις Α' | 943-922 | The biblical Shishaq |
| Osorkon I | Οσορκών Α' | 922-887 | |
| Shoshenq II | Σέσωγχις Β' | 887-885 | |
| Takelot I | Τακέλωθις Α' | 885-872 | |
| Harsiese | Χαρσίεσις | 880-860 | A rebel, at Thebes |
| Osorkon II | Οσορκών Β' | 872-837 | |
| Shoshenq III | Σέσωγχις Γ' | 837-798 | |
| Shoshenq IV | Σέσωγχις Δ' | 798-785 | |
| Pami | Πάμις | 785-778 | |
| Shoshenq V | Σέσωγχις Ε' | 778-740 | |
| Osorkon IV | Οσορκών Δ' | 740-720 | |
Shoshenq I - Νίμλωθις Α' (Nimlot I) (μόνον στην Ηρακλεόπολη) - Osorkon I - Takelot - Shoshenq II - Osorkon II - Takelot II - Shoshenq III - Pami - Shoshenq V - Osorkon IV -
Νίμλωθις Β' (Nimlot II) (Θήβα, Ηρακλεόπολη) 855-845.
23η Δυναστεία[]
(Twenty-third Dynasty)
The Twenty-third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 836 to c.735 BC:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 23η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Takelot II | Τακέλωθις Β' | 837-813 | Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd |
| Pedubast | Πεδούβαστις Α' | 826-801 | A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II |
| Iuput I | Ιώπαθις Α' | 812-811 | |
| Shoshenq VI | Σέσωγχις ΣΤ' | 801-795 | Successor to Pedubast |
| Osorkon III | Οσορκών Γ' | 795-767 | Son of Takelot II- recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king |
| Takelot III | Τακέλωθις Γ' | 773-765 | |
| Rudamun | Ροδαμών | 765-762 | |
Μία άλλη τοποθέτηση (Plouka.com)
Thebes
Pedubastis I - Iuput I - Shoshenq IV - Osorkon III - Takelot III - Osorkon IV - iuput II - Rudamon -
Hermopolis:
Thotemhat - Νίμλωθις Γ' (Nimlot III) - Djehutiemhat.
Heracleopolis:
Peftjauwybast -
Nakhke
Tanis:
Σέκεμχρις (Sekhemkare) - Shepseskare-Imere - Neferkare-Pepi - Πεδούβαστις Β' (Pedubastis I)
The Libu[]
Not reckoned a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (Libyans) who occupied the western Delta from 805 to 732 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου Λιβυκή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Inamunnifnebu | - | 805-795 | |
| ? | - | 795-780 | |
| Niumateped | - | 780-755 | |
| Titaru | - | 763-755 | |
| Ker | - | 755-750 | |
| Rudamon | - | 750-745 | |
| Ankhor | - | 745-736 | |
| Tefnakht | - | 736-732 | |
24η Δυναστεία[]
(Twenty-fourth Dynasty)
The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two Pharaoh ruling from 732 to 720 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 24η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Tefnakhte | Τέφναχθις | 732-725 | |
| Bakenrenef Bocchoris |
Βόκχορις | 725-720 | |
Η Γερμανική άποψη:
Dritte Zwischenzeit[]
- Siehe auch: Dritte Zwischenzeit (Ägypten)
| Pharao | Thronname | Regierungszeit | Anmerkungen |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21. Dynastie | |||
| Smendes I. | Hedj-cheper-Re | 1069–1043 v. Chr. | im Norden 1080-1069? v. Chr. |
| Amenemnesut | Nefer-ka-Re | 1043–1039 v. Chr. | Zeitgenössisch nur im Grab seines Nachfolgers Psusennes I. bezeugt. |
| Psusennes I. | Aa-cheper-Re | 1039–991 v. Chr. | Vor allem durch sein unberaubtes Grab bekannt. |
| Amenemope | User-maat-Re | 993–984 v. Chr. | In seinem Grab wurden wertvolle Beigaben gefunden. |
| Osochor | Aa-cheper-Re | 984–978 v. Chr. | Er wird auch „Osorkon der Ältere“ genannt und war wahrscheinlich libyscher Herkunft. |
| Siamun | Netjeri-cheper-Re | 978–959 v. Chr. | Er unternahm nach dem Regierungsantritt Salomos in Israel einen Feldzug gegen die Philister. |
| Psusennes II. | Tit-cheperu-Re | 959–945 v. Chr. | Über ihn ist fast nichts bekannt. Vielleicht ist er mit dem Hohepriester Psusennes III. identisch. |
| Hohepriester der ausgehenden 20. und 21. Dynastie | |||
| Pianch | 1087–1075 v. Chr. | Ein General der ausgehenden 20. Dynastie. | |
| Herihor | 1076–1066 v. Chr. | Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres, Vizekönig von Kusch und Wesir während des Überganges von der 20. zur 21. Dynastie. | |
| Pinudjem I. | Cheper-chau-Re | 1070–1055 v. Chr. | König 1070/54-1032 v. Chr. |
| Masaharta | 1054–1046 v. Chr. | Sohn Pinudjems I. | |
| Djedchonsiuefanch | 1046–1045 v. Chr. | Sohn Pinudjems I. | |
| Mencheperre | Hem-netjer-tepi-en-Amun | 1045–992 v. Chr. | Sohn Pinudjems I. |
| Smendes II. | 992–990 v. Chr. | Enkel Psusennes' I. | |
| Pinudjem II. | 990–969 v. Chr. | Bruder von Smendes II. | |
| Psusennes III. | 969–945 v. Chr. | Vielleicht identisch mit Psusennes II. | |
| 22. Dynastie[48] | |||
| Scheschonq I. | Hedj-cheper-Re | um 946–924 v. Chr. | Unternahm einen Feldzug nach Palästina und plünderte den Tempel von Jerusalem. |
| Osorkon I. | Sechem-cheper-Re | um 925–890 v. Chr. | Von ihm sind reiche Schenkungen an die ägyptischen Tempel und Handelsbeziehungen nach Syrien bezeugt. |
| Takelot I. | Hedj-cheper-Re | um 890–877 v. Chr. | Zeitgenössisch nicht eindeutig belegt. |
| Scheschonq II. | Heka-cheper-Re | um 924 v. Chr | Hohepriester des Amun in Theben und später Mitregent seines Vaters Osorkons I.[49] |
| Osorkon II. | User-maat-Re | 880 / 879–852 / 851 v. Chr. | Er unterstützte die Staaten Syrien-Palästinas im Kampf gegen Assyrien. Mitregent von Takelot I. ab etwa 886/885 v. Chr. |
| Harsiese I. | Hedj-cheper-Re-setep-en-Amun | 870–860 v. Chr. | Hohepriester des Amun in Theben und Gegenkönig |
| Oberägyptische Linie der 22. Dynastie | |||
| Takelot II.[50] | Hedj-cheper-Re | 852 / 851–831 / 830 v. Chr. | Er setzte seinen Sohn Osorkon als Hohepriester in Theben ein, was zur Konfrontation mit Harsiese II. führte. Takelot II. kam im 23. Regierungsjahr von Osorkon II. um 856/855 v. Chr. als Mitregent an die Macht. |
| Auput I. | 831 / 830–? v. Chr. | Ein unbedeutender Kleinkönig in Theben. | |
| Osorkon III. | User-maat-Re | 790–762 v. Chr. | Zu seiner Regierungszeit ereignete sich eine außergewöhnlich hohe Nilflut. |
| Takelot III. | User-maat-Re | 762–754 v. Chr. | Ursprünglich Hohepriester des Amun in Theben. |
| a Ini | 754–749 v. Chr. | nur durch ein Graffito im Month-Tempel von Karnak bezeugt. Nach D. A. Aston wäre er der Nachfolger Rudjamuns in der Thebanischen 23. Dynastie. | |
| b Pajeftjauemauibastet | 749–727 v. Chr. | Lokalkönig von Herakleopolis; wird von Aston zur Thebanischen 23. Dynastie gerechnet. | |
| Scheschonq VI. | 727–715 v. Chr. | Existenz unsicher. | |
| Unterägyptische Linie der 22. Dynastie | |||
| Scheschonq III. | User-maat-Re | 863–825 / 813 v. Chr. | Durch einige Bauprojekte im Delta bezeugt. |
| Scheschonq IIIa. | evtl. 825–813 v. Chr. | Existenz unsicher. | |
| Pami | User-maat-Re | 813–804 v. Chr | Am Ende seiner Regierungszeit kam es offenbar zu einer Hungersnot. |
| Scheschonq V. | Aa-cheper-Re / Aa-cheperu (-Re) | 804–767 v. Chr. | Aus seinen späteren Regierungsjahren sind größere Baumaßnahmen in Tanis bezeugt. |
| Petubastis II. | 767–732 / 730 v. Chr. | ||
| Osorkon IV. | Aa-cheper-Re-setep-en-Amun | 732 / 730–715 / 713 v. Chr. | Er unterwarf sich dem Kuschiten Pije. |
| 23. Dynastie | |||
| Petubastis I. | User-maat-Re-setep-en-Amun | 856 / 855–831 / 830 v. Chr. | Gegner von Takelot II., Scheschonq III. und Osorkon, Sohn des Takelot II. |
| Scheschonq IV. | User-maat-Re | 831 / 830–825 / 824 v. Chr. | Existenz unsicher. |
| Rudjamun | User-maat-Re | 759–754 v. Chr. | Durch geringe Bautätigkeit in Karnak und Medinet Habu bezeugt. |
| Iupet II. | 753–730 v. Chr | Iupet II. war ein Gegner des Pije, dem er sich aber schließlich unterwarf. | |
| 24. Dynastie | |||
| Tefnachte | Schepses-Re | 727–720 v. Chr. | Ursprünglich Lokalkönig von Sais, dann Gründer der 24. Dynastie. |
| Bakenrenef (Bokchoris) | Wah-ka-Re | 720–716 v. Chr. | Zeitgenössisch nur durch einige Stelen und Skarabäen bezeugt. |
| 25. Dynastie (Kuschiten) | |||
| Alara | 780–760 v. Chr. | zeitgenössisch nicht belegt, regierte wohl noch nicht in Ägypten selbst. | |
| Kaschta | Maa-Re | 760–746 v. Chr. | Eroberte Unternubien und Ägypten bis Assuan. |
| Pije | User-maat-Re / Senefer-Re | 746–716 v. Chr. | Setzte die Feldzüge seiner Vorgänger fort und eroberte Ägypten vollständig. |
| Schabaka | Nefer-ka-Re | 716–707/706 v. Chr. | Erster Kuschitenkönig, der in Ägypten residierte. |
| Schebitko (Schabataka) | Djed-kau-Re / Djed-ka-Re | 707/706–691 v. Chr. | Verlor in Palästina eine Schlacht gegen die Assyrer. |
| Taharqa | Chui-nefertem-Re | 691–664 v. Chr. | Seine Regierungszeit war geprägt vom Kampf gegen die Assyrer, welche 667/66 Nordägypten bis nach Theben einnahmen. |
| Tanotamun | Ba-ka-Re | 664–657 v. Chr. | Kurzzeitige Rückeroberung Nordägyptens. |
| Hohepriester des Amun | |||
| Iupet | 944–924 v. Chr. | Sohn Scheschonqs I. | |
| Scheschonq II. | Maa-cheper-Re-setep-en-Re | 924–894 v. Chr. | In späteren Jahren ein König der 22. Dynastie. |
| Iuwelot | 894–884 v. Chr. | Sohn Osorkons I. | |
| Smendes III. | 884 – 874 v. Chr. | Sohn Osorkons I. | |
| Harsiese I. | Hedj-cheper-Re-setep-en-Amun | 874–860 v. Chr. | Sohn Scheschonqs II. |
| ...diu... | 860–855 v. Chr. | Sohn Harsieses I.; Name nur fragmentarisch erhalten. | |
| Namilt (II.) | 855–840 oder 855–845 v. Chr. | Sohn Osorkons II. | |
| Takelot | 845–840 v. Chr. | Sohn Namilts (II.), vielleicht identisch mit dem Takelot, der auf Harsiese II. folgte. | |
| Osorkon (Prinz) | 840–785 v. Chr. | Vielleicht identisch mit Osorkon III. | |
| Harsiese II. | 835–800 v. Chr. | Vielleicht ein Enkel von Harsiese I. | |
| Takelot | 800–775 v. Chr. | Sohn Namilts (II.), vielleicht identisch mit dessen Nachfolger, andernfalls ein jüngerer Sohn gleichen Namens. | |
| unklar | 775–765 v. Chr. | ||
| Takelot III. | 765–754 v. Chr. | Später ein König der 23. Dynastie. | |
| Zwischen 754 und 704 v. Chr. gab es entweder zwei unbekannte Hohepriester oder das Amt war vakant. | |||
| Haremachet | 704–660 v. Chr. | Sohn des Schabaka. | |
| Harchebi | 660–644 v. Chr. | Sohn Haremachets. | |
| Zwischen 644 und 595 v. Chr. gab es entweder zwei unbekannte Hohepriester oder das Amt war vakant. | |||
| Anchnesneferibre | Hekat-neferu-Mut | 595–560 v. Chr. | Gottesgemahlin des Amun. |
| Nitokris II. | 560–550 v. Chr. | Tochter Amasis' | |
| Gottesgemahlinnen | |||
| Karomama-Meritmut I. | 870–840 v. Chr. | Vielleicht Tochter Harsieses I. | |
| Taschacheper | um 770 v. Chr.? | ||
| Schepenupet I. | Chenem (-et) -ibimen | 754–714 v. Chr. | Tochter Osorkons III. |
| Amenirdis I. | Chat-neferu-Mut | 740–700 v. Chr. | Tochter des Kaschta. |
| Schepenupet II. | Henut-neferu-Mut | 710–650 v. Chr. | Tochter des Pije. |
| Amenirdis II. | 670–640 v. Chr. | Tochter des Taharqa. | |
| Nitokris I. | Neb(-et)-neferu-Mut | 656–595 v. Chr. | Tochter des Psammetich I. |
| Anchnesneferibre | Hekat-neferu-Mut | 595–525 v. Chr. | 595–560 v. Chr. gleichzeitig Hohepriesterin des Amun. |
| Lokalkönigtümer | |||
| siehe Lokalkönigtümer der Dritten Zwischenzeit | |||
| Assyrerherrschaft | |||
| Asarhaddon | 681–669 (in Ägypten ab 671) v. Chr. | Die anti-assyrische Politik der kuschitischen 25. Dynastie veranlasste ihn zum Angriff auf Ägypten. Es gelang ihm, das Delta zu erobern. | |
| Assurbanipal | 669–627 (in Ägypten bis 664) v. Chr. | Nach dem Tod Asarhaddons nahm Assurbanipal die Eroberungszüge in Ägypten wieder auf und vertrieb die Kuschiten endgültig. | |
Late period[]
The Late Period runs from 732 BC to Egypt becoming a province of Rome in 30 BC, and includes periods of rule by Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians.
25η Δυναστεία[]
(Twenty-fifth Dynasty)
Nubians invaded Egypt in 732 BC and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 25η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Piye | Πίακχις | 752-721 | King of Νουβία; conquered Egypt in 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years |
| Shabaka | Σαβακών | 721-707 | |
| Shebitku | Σαβατακών | 707-690 | Synchronism with Sargon II of Assyria establishes his accession date at 707/706 BC |
| Taharqa | Ταχάρκης | 690-664 | |
| Tantamani | Τανουταμών | 664-653 | lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year. |
They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-4th cent. AD).
Νεο-Αιγυπτιακή Εποχή (Late Kingdom)[]
26η Δυναστεία[]
(Twenty-sixth Dynasty)
The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 672 to 525 BC.[51]
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 26η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Necho I | Νεκώς Α' | 672 – 664 BC | |
| Psamtik I | Ψαμμήτιχος Α' ( | 664 – 610 BC | |
| Necho II | Νεκώς Β' | 610 – 595 BC | |
| Psamtik II | Ψαμμήτιχος Β' | 595 – 589 BC | |
| Wahibre | Απρίης | 589 – 570 BC | |
| Ahmose II | Άμωσις Β' | 570 – 526 BC | |
| Psamtik III | Ψαμμήτιχος Γ' | 526 – 525 BC | |
Περσική Εποχή[]
27η Δυναστεία[]
(Twenty-seventh Dynasty)
Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and annexed by the Persians until 404 BC. The Achaemenid shahs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-seventh" Dynasty:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 26η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Καμβύσης (Cambyses II) | - | 525 – 521 BC | |
| Σμέρδις (Smerdis) the Usurper | - | 522 – 521 BC | |
| Δαρείος Α' (Darius I) the Great | - | 521 – 486 BC | |
| Ξέρξης Α' (Xerxes I) the Great | - | 486 – 465 BC | |
| Αρτάβανος (Artabanus of Persia) the Hyrcanian | - | 465 – 464 BC | |
| Αρταξέρξης Α' (Artaxerxes I) Longhand | - | 464 – 424 BC | |
| Ξέρξης Β' (Xerxes II) | claimant | 424 – 423 BC | |
| Σογδιανός (Sogdianus) | claimant | 424 – 423 BC | |
| Δαρείος Β' (Darius II of Persia) | - | 424 – 404 BC | |
28η Δυναστεία[]
Twenty-eighth Dynasty
The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one Pharaoh:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 28η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία ! | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Amyrtaeus | Αμυρταίος | 404 – 398 BC | Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians |
29η Δυναστεία[]
Twenty-ninth Dynasty
The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 29η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία ! | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Νεφερίτης Α' (Nefaarud I) | Also known as Nepherites | 398 – 393 BC | |
| Ψαμμούθης (Psammuthes) | - | 393 BC | |
| Άκορις (Hakor) (Achoris) | - | 393 – 380 BC | |
| Νεφερίτης Β' (Nefaarud II) | - | 380 BC | |
30η Δυναστεία[]
Thirtieth Dynasty
The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 30η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Νεκτανεβώς Α' (Nectanebo I) | Also known as Nekhtnebef | 380 – 362 BC | |
| Ταχώς (Teos) | - | 362 – 360 BC | |
| Νεκτανεβώς Β' (Nectanebo II) | - | 360 – 343 BC | |
31η Δυναστεία[]
Thirty-first Dynasty
Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 31η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Αρταξέρξης Β' (Artaxerxes III of Persia) | Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time | 343–338 BC | |
| Αρταξέρξης Γ' (Άρσης)(Artaxerxes IV of Persia) | Only reigned in Lower Egypt | 338–336 BC | |
| Χάβαβις (Khababash) | Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt | 338–335 BC | |
| Δαρείος Γ' (Darius III Codomannus) | Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC | 336–332 BC | |
Ελληνιστική Εποχή[]
Argead Dynasty[]
The Macedonians under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 32η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Αλέξανδρος Α' (Alexander III the Great) | Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt | 332–323 BC | |
| Φίλιππος (Philip III Arrhidaeus) | Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III the Great | 323–317 BC | |
| Αλέξανδρος Β' (Alexander IV of Macedon) | Son of Alexander III the Great and Roxana | 317–309 BC | |
Ptolemaic Dynasty[]
The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency):
| Ηγεμόνες Αιγύπτου 33η Αιγυπτιακή Δυναστεία | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| Πτολεμαίος Α' (Ptolemy I of Egypt) Soter | Abdicated in 285 BC; died in 283 BC | 305–285 BC | |
| Βερενίκη Α' (Berenice I) | Wife of Ptolemy I | ?-285 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Β' (Ptolemy II of Egypt) Philadelphos | - | 288–246 BC | |
| Αρσινόη Α' (Arsinoe I) | Wife of Ptolemy II | 284/81-ca. 274 BC | |
| Αρσινόη Β' (Arsinoe II) | Wife of Ptolemy II | 277-270 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Γ' (Ptolemy III of Egypt) Euergetes I | - | 246–222 BC | |
| Βερενίκη Β' (Berenice II) | Wife of Ptolemy III | 244/3-222 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Δ' (Ptolemy IV of Egypt) Philopator | - | 222–204 BC | |
| Αρσινόη Γ' (Arsinoe III) | Wife of Ptolemy IV | 220-204 BC | |
| Hugronaphor | Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South | 205-199 BC | |
| Ankhmakis | Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South | 199-185 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Ε' (Ptolemy V of Egypt) Epiphanes | Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC | 204–180 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα Α' (Cleopatra I) | Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority | 193-176 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Δ' (Ptolemy VI of Egypt) Philometor | Died 145 BC | 180–164 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα Β' (Cleopatra II) | Wife of Ptolemy VI | 173-164 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Η' (Ptolemy VIII of Egypt) Euergetes II | Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Died 116 BC | 171–163 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Ζ' (Ptolemy VI of Egypt) Philometor | Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC | 163-145 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα Β' (Cleopatra II) | Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. | 163-127 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Α΄ (Ptolemy VII of Egypt) Neos Philopator | Proclaimed co-ruler by father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II | 145-144 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Η' (Ptolemy VIII of Egypt) Euergetes II | Restored | 145-131 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα Γ' (Cleopatra III) | Second wife of Ptolemy VIII | 142-131 BC | |
| Ptolemy Memphitis | Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII | 131 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Η' (Ptolemy VIII of Egypt) Euergetes II | Restored | 127-116 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα Γ' (Cleopatra III) | Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. | 127-107 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα Β' (Cleopatra II) | Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. | 124-116 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Θ' (Ptolemy IX of Egypt) Soter II | Died 80 BC | 116–110 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα Δ' (Cleopatra IV) | Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III | 116-115 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Ι' (Ptolemy X of Egypt) Αλέξανδρος α (Alexander I) | Died 88 BC | 110–109 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Θ' (Ptolemy IX of Egypt) Soter II | Restored | 109–107 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Α΄ (Ptolemy X of Egypt) Alexander I | Restored | 107–88 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος Θ' (Ptolemy IX of Egypt)] Soter II | Restored again | 88–81 BC | |
| Βερενίκη Γ' (Berenice III) | Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later | 81-80 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος ΙΑ' (Ptolemy XI of Egypt) Αλέξανδρος β (Alexander II) | Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III | 80 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος ΙΒ' (Ptolemy XII of Egypt) Neos Dionysos (Auletes) | Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC | 80–58 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα Ε' (Cleopatra V]] Tryphaena | Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV | ?-57 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα ΣΤ' (Cleopatra VI) | Daughter of Ptolemy XII | ?-58 BC | |
| Βερενίκη Δ' (Berenice IV]] | Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but has him strangled | 58–55 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος ΙΒ' (Ptolemy XII of Egypt) Neos Dionysos | Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death | 55–51 BC | |
| Κλεοπάτρα Ζ' (Cleopatra VII) | Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; also known simply as Cleopatra | 51–30 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος ΙΓ' (Ptolemy XIII of Egypt) | Brother of Cleopatra VII | 51–47 BC | |
| Αρσινόη Δ' (Arsinoe IV) | In opposition to Cleopatra VII | 48-47 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος ΙΔ' (Ptolemy XIV of Egypt) | Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII | 47–44 BC | |
| Πτολεμαίος ΙΕ' (Ptolemy XV of Egypt) Caesarion | Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra | 44–30 BC | |
Ρωμαϊκή Εποχή[]
Cleopatra VII had an affair with Roman Dictator Julius Caesar, and Roman General Marc Antony, but it was not until after her suicide in 30 BC (after Marc Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be the emperor Augustus) that Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. One Egyptian king-list lists the Roman Emperors as Pharaohs up to and including Decius. See the list of Roman emperors.
Υποσημειώσεις[]
- ↑ Dynastic Tables: Kings of Egypt
- ↑ Problems with Manetho's "Reign of the Gods" Page with different versions of god king lists
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Breasted (1909) p.36
- ↑ Rice (1999) p.86
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) pp.57f.
- ↑ Shaw (2000) p.196
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) pp70-71
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) pp. 83-84
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) p. 84
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) p. 79
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) pp 87-88
- ↑ Pascal Vernus, Jean Yoyotte, The Book of the Pharaohs, Cornell University Press 2003, p.27
- ↑ [1] King Khasekhem
- ↑ [2] King Khasekhemwy
- ↑ Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95
- ↑ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258
- ↑ Verner (2001)
- ↑ Clayton (1994) p.32
- ↑ Clayton (1994) p.42
- ↑ Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73
- ↑ Ryholt & Bardrum (2000) pp.87–100.
- ↑ Labib Habachi: King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 19 (1963), p. 16-52
- ↑ Grajetzki (2006) pp. 23-25
- ↑ Grajetzki (2006) pp. 25-26
- ↑ [3] Amenemhat I
- ↑ Grajetzki (2006) pp.28-35
- ↑ Murnane (1977) p.2
- ↑ Murnane (1977) p.7
- ↑ Murnane (1977) p.9
- ↑ Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251
- ↑ Grajetzki (2006) pp.56-61
- ↑ Amenemhat IV Maakherure (1807/06-1798/97 BCE). Digital Egypt for Universities. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/amenemhatIV.html.
- ↑ Grajetzk (2006) pp.61-63
- ↑ 34,0 34,1 Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period
- ↑ Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele - Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383
- ↑ Tooth clinches identification of Egyptian queen
- ↑ Ramesses I Menpehtire. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ramsesi.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2007-09-29.
- ↑ Sety I Menmaatre. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/setyi.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2007-09-29.
- ↑ King Ramesses II. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ramsesii.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2007-09-29.
- ↑ King Merenptah. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/merenptah.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2007-09-29.
- ↑ Sety II. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/setyii.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2007-10-27.
- ↑ Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/siptah.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2007-10-27.
- ↑ Tausret. http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn19/08tausret.html.
- ↑ Grimal (1992) p.291
- ↑ Ramesses XI Menmaatre-setpenptah. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ramsesxi.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2007-10-28.
- ↑ Shaw (ed), Ian (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. σελ. 309.
- ↑ Cerny p.645
- ↑ Die Einteilung der 22. und auch der 23. Dynastie ist recht problematisch. Diese Liste folgt weitgehend der klassischen Zweiteilung nach Kenneth A. Kitchen. Andere Einteilungen finden sich z. B. bei D. A. Aston oder Jürgen von Beckerath.
- ↑ Nach Beckerath ist Scheschonq nicht Mitregent Osorkons I. sondern Nachfolger von Takelot I.
- ↑ Aston rechnet Takelot nicht mehr zur 22. Dynastie, sondern beginnt mit ihm eine „Thebanische 23. Dynastie“, in die er nach Takelot II. alle Könige aus Kitchens 23. Dynastie folgen lässt, mit Ausnahme von Scheschonq IV., Iupet II. und dem umstrittenen Scheschonq VI. Zusätzlich fügt er nach Rudjamun Ini und Pajeftjauemauibastet ein. Beckerath konstruiert eine oberägyptische Linie der 22. Dynastie, die mit der Einteilung Astons praktisch identisch ist, aber bereits mit Ini endet.
- ↑ Late Period Kings. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/lateperiodkings.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2007-10-27.
Εσωτερική Αρθρογραφία[]
Βιβλιογραφία[]
- J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest, 1909
- J. Cerny, 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08691-4
- Clayton, Peter A. (1994) Chronicle of the Pharaohs: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers and dynasties of ancient Egypt Thames and Hudson, New York, ISBN 0500050740
- Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
- Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76.
- Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992)
- Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977
- Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999
- Ryholt, Kim & Steven Bardrum. 2000. "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris." Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127
- Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt., Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1
- Verner, Miroslav, The Pyramids - Their Archaeology and History, Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN 1-84354-171-8
Ιστογραφία[]
- Ομώνυμο άρθρο στην Βικιπαίδεια
- Ομώνυμο άρθρο στην Livepedia
- phouka.com
- narmer.pl
- Egyptian Royal Genealogy
- Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists
- Problems with Manetho's "Reign of the Gods" Page with different versions of god king lists
- Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty&History Period, by Dariusz Sitek Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English
- Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings
- Digital Egypt for Universities
- Ancient Egyptian papyrus collection and stories behind each scene, Egyptian museum masterpieces reproductions
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