Ηγεμόνες Σουμερίας
Sumerian Rulers, Sumerian King List, lost-history.com/kinglists

Σουμερία (Sumer) Ηγεμόνες Σουμερίας
Ακκαδία (Akkad) Ηγεμόνες Ακκαδίας
Ελυμαΐς (Elam) Ηγεμόνες Ελυμαΐδας
Αδάβεια (Adab) Ηγεμόνες Αδάβειας
Ωρύγεια (Uruk) Ηγεμόνες Ωρύγειας
Ώρεια (Ur) Ηγεμόνες Ώρειας
Αξάγεια (Akshak) Ηγεμόνες Αξάγειας
Κίσεια (Kish) Ηγεμόνες Κίσειας
Λαγάσεια (Lagash) Ηγεμόνες Λαγάσειας
Ώμμεια (Umma) Ηγεμόνες Ώμμειας
Λάρισα (Larsa) Ηγεμόνες Λάρισας
Ισίνεια (Isin) Ηγεμόνες Ισίνειας
Εσνύννεια (Esnunna) Ηγεμόνες Εσνύννειας
Μάρεια (Mari) Ηγεμόνες Μάρειας
Ασσυρία Ηγεμόνες Ασσυρίας
Βαβυλωνία Ηγεμόνες Βαβυλωνίας
Μιταννία (Mitanni) Ηγεμόνες Μιταννίας
Ουραρτία (Urartu) Ηγεμόνες Ουραρτίας
Χετταϊκή Αυτοκρατορία (Hatti) Ηγεμόνες Χετταϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας
Αιγυπτιακή Αυτοκρατορία (Egypt) Ηγεμόνες Αιγυπτιακής Αυτοκρατορίας
Αμορραίοι Αραμαίοι Χαναναίοι
The Sumerian King List is an ancient manuscript originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer (ancient southern Iraq) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of "official" kingship. Kingship was believed to have been handed down by the gods, and could be transferred from one city to another, reflecting perceived hegemony in the region.[1] Throughout its Bronze Age existence, the document evolved into a political tool. Its final and single attested version, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, aimed to legitimize Isin's claims to hegemony when Isin was vying for dominance with Larsa and other neighboring city-states in southern Mesopotamia.[1][2]
Composition[]
The list blends prehistorical, presumably mythical predynastic rulers with implausibly lengthy reigns with later, more plausibly historical dynasties. Although the primal kings are historically unattested, this does not preclude their possible correspondence with historical rulers who were later mythicized. Some Assyriologists view the predynastic kings as a later fictional addition.[1][3] Only one ruler listed is known to be female: Kug-Bau "the (female) tavern-keeper", who alone accounts for the Third Dynasty of Kish. The earliest listed ruler whose historicity has been archaeologically verified is En-me-barage-si of Kish, ca. 2600 BC. Reference to this individual in the Epic of Gilgamesh has led to speculation that Gilgamesh himself may be historical. Three dynasties are notably excluded from the list: the Larsa dynasty, which vied for power with the (included) Isin dynasty during the Isin-Larsa period; and the two dynasties of Lagash, which respectively preceded and ensued the Akkadian Empire, when Lagash exercised considerable influence in the region. Lagash in particular is known directly from archaeological artifacts dating from ca. 2500 BC. The list is important to the chronology of the 3rd millennium BC. However, the fact that many of the dynasties listed reigned simultaneously from varying localities makes it difficult to reproduce a strict linear chronology.[1]
Sources[]
The following extant ancient sources contain the Sumerian King List, or fragments:
- WB 62
- WB 444 (Weld-Blundell Prism) [4]
- Kish Tablet (Scheil dynastic tablet)
- UCBC 9-1819 ("California Tablet")
- Dynastic Chronicle (ABC 18)[5] including copies, K 11261+ and K 12054
- Babyloniaca (Berossus)
- Apkullu-list (W.20030, 7)
The first two sources (WB) are a part of the "Weld-Blundell collection", donated by Herbert Weld Blundell to the Ashmolean Museum. WB 62 is a small clay tablet, inscribed only on the obverse, unearthed from Larsa. It is the oldest dated source (c. 2000 BC) containing the list.[6] WB 444 in contrast is a unique inscribed vertical prism,[1][7][8][9] dated c. 1817 BC, although some scholars prefer c. 1827 BC.[10] The Kish Tablet or Scheil dynastic tablet is an early 2nd millennium BC tablet which came into possession of Jean-Vincent Scheil; it only contains king list entries for four Sumerian cities.[11] UCBC 9-1819 is a clay tablet housed in the collection of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of California.[12] The tablet was inscribed during the reign of the Babylonian King Samsu-iluna, or slightly earlier, with a minimum date of 1712 BC.[13] The Dynastic Chronicle (ABC 18) is a Babylonian king list written on six columns, beginning with entries for the antideluvian Sumerian rulers. K 11261+[14] is one of the copies of this chronicle, consisting of three joined Neo-Assyrian fragments discovered at the Library of Ashurbanipal.[15] K 12054 is another of the Neo-Assyrian fragments from Uruk (c. 640 BC) but contains a variant form of the antediluvians on the list. The later Babylonian and Assyrian king lists, preserved the earliest portions of the list well into the 3rd century BC, when Berossus' Babyloniaca popularized fragments of the list in the Hellenic world. In 1960, the Apkullu-list (Tablet No. W.20030, 7) or “Uruk List of Kings and Sages” (ULKS) was discovered by German archaeologists at an ancient temple at Uruk. The list, dating to c. 165 BC, contains a series of kings, equivalent to the Sumerian antediluvians called "Apkullu".[16]
Κατάλογος[]
Early dates are approximate, and are based on available archaeological data; for most pre-Akkadian rulers listed, this king list is itself the lone source of information. Beginning with Lugal-zage-si and the Third Dynasty of Uruk (which was defeated by Sargon of Akkad), a better understanding of how subsequent rulers fit into the chronology of the ancient Near East can be deduced. The short chronology is used here.
Προ-Κατακλυσμιαία Εποχή (ante-diluvian)[]
None of the following predynastic "antediluvian" rulers has been verified as historical via archaeological excavations, epigraphical inscriptions, or otherwise. It is possible that they correspond to the Early Bronze Age Jemdet Nasr period culture which ended approximately 2900 BC, immediately preceding the dynasts,[17] if they were not purely mythological inventions.
The following reigns were measured in Sumerian numerical units known as sars (units of 3600), ners (units of 600), and sosses (units of 60).[18]
Ηγεμόνες Προ-Κατακλυσμιαίας Σουμερίας Προκατακλυσμιαίες Δυναστείες | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
| |||
Alulim | 8 sars (28,800 years) Between 35th and 30th century BC |
||
Alalngar | 10 sars (36,000 years) | ||
| |||
En-men-lu-ana | 12 sars (43,200 years) | ||
En-men-gal-ana | 8 sars (28,800 years) | ||
Dumuzid, the Shepherd | 10 sars (36,000 years) | "the shepherd" | |
| |||
En-sipad-zid-ana | 8 sars (28,800 years) | ||
| |||
En-men-dur-ana | 5 sars and 5 ners (21,000 years) | ||
| |||
Ubara-Tutu | 5 sars and 1 ner (18,600 years) | ||
|
First Dynasty of Kish[]
Ηγεμόνες Κίσειας 1η Κίσεια Δυναστεία (α' μέρος) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Jushur | Ιώσωρ | c. 2900 (1200 years) |
|
Kullassina-bel | Κύλλας | c. 2890 960 years |
|
Nangishlishma | Ναγίσιλος | c. 2880 670 years |
|
En-tarah-ana | Ένταρνος | c. 2870 420 years |
|
Babum | Βαύος | c. 2860 300 years |
|
Puannum | Πύαννος | c. 2850 840 years |
|
Kalibum | Κάλυβος | c. 2840 960 years |
|
Kalumum | Κάλαμος | c. 2830 840 years |
|
Zuqaqip | Ζύκικος | c. 2820 900 years |
|
Ηγεμόνες Κίσειας 1η Κίσεια Δυναστεία (β' μέρος) | |||
Atab (or A-ba) | Άταβος | c. 2800 600 years |
|
Mashda | Μάσδας | c. 2780 840 years |
"the son of Atab" |
Arwium | Άρβιος | c. 2770 720 years |
"the son of Mashda" |
Etana | Ετάνης ο Μέγας |
c. 2750 1500 years |
"the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries" |
Balih | Βάλιχος | c. 2730 400 years |
"the son of Etana" |
En-me-nuna | Έμμενος | c. 2710 660 years |
|
Melem-Kish | Μέλμεκος | c. 2690 900 years |
'"the son of En-me-nuna" |
Barsal-nuna | Βαρσάλινος | c. 2670 1200 years |
("the son of En-me-nuna")* |
Zamug | Ζάμυγος | c. 2650 140 years |
"the son of Barsal-nuna" |
Tizqar | Τίσακωρ | c. 2630 305 years |
"the son of Zamug" |
Ilku | Ίλκος | c. 2610 900 years |
|
Iltasadum | Ιλτοσάδης | c. 2590 1200 years |
|
En-me-barage-si | Εμμεβραγέσης ο Μεγαλοπρεπής |
ca. 2560 BC 900 years |
"who made the land of Elam submit" the earliest ruler on the List confirmed independently from epigraphical evidence |
Aga | Άγγης ο Αγέρωχος |
ca. 2530 BC 625 years |
"the son of En-me-barage-si" contemporary with Gilgamesh of Uruk, according to the Epic of Gilgamesh[6] Gilgameš and Aga Translation at ETCSL |
|
First Dynasty of Uruk[]
Ηγεμόνες Ωρύγειας 1η Ωρύγεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher of E-ana | 2600 - 2580 π.Χ. 324 years |
"the son of Utu" | |
| |||
Enmerkar | 2580 - 2470 π.Χ. 420 years |
"the son of Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, the king of Unug, who built Unug (Uruk)" | |
Lugalbanda | 2570 - 2460 π.Χ. 1200 years |
"the shepherd" | |
Dumuzid (Dumuzi) | 2560 - 2540 π.Χ. 100 years |
"the fisherman whose city was Kuara." ("He captured En-me-barage-si single-handed.")* | |
Gilgamesh | 2540 - 2518 π.Χ. 126 years |
"whose father was a phantom (?), the lord of Kulaba" contemporary with Aga of Kish, according to the Epic of Gilgamesh[20] | |
Ur-Nungal | 2518 - 2488 π.Χ. 30 years |
"the son of Gilgamesh" | |
Udul-kalama | 2488 - 2473 π.Χ. 15 years |
"the son of Ur-Nungal" | |
La-ba'shum | 2473 - 2464 π.Χ. 9 years |
||
En-nun-tarah-ana | 2464 - 2456 π.Χ. 8 years |
||
Mesh-he or Mesilim (?) |
2456 - 2420 π.Χ. 36 years |
"the smith" | |
Melem-ana | 2420 - 2414 π.Χ. 6 years |
||
Lugal-kitun | 2414 - 2378 π.Χ. 36 years |
||
|
First dynasty of Ur[]
Ηγεμόνες Ώρειας 1η Ώρεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Mesh-Ane-pada | 2440 - 2410 π.Χ. 80 years |
ca. 26th century BC | |
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna | 2410 - 2390 π.Χ. 36 years |
"the son of Mesh-Ane-pada" | |
Elulu | 2410 - 2380 π.Χ. 25 years |
||
Balulu | 2380 - 2370 π.Χ. 36 years |
||
|
Dynasty of Awan[]
Ηγεμόνες Αβάνειας Αβάνεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Three kings of Awan | 356 years ca. 26th century BC |
||
|
Second Dynasty of Kish[]
Ηγεμόνες Κίσειας 2η Κίσεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Susuda | 201 years | "the fuller" ca. 26th century BC | |
Dadasig | 81 years | ||
Mamagal | 360 years | "the boatman" | |
Kalbum | 195 years | "the son of Mamagal" | |
Tuge | 360 years | ||
Men-nuna | 180 years | "the son of Tuge" | |
(Πρότυπο:Not a typo-Ishtar) | 290 years | ||
Lugalngu | 360 years | ||
|
The First Dynasty of Lagash (ca. 2500 – ca. 2271 BC) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions
Dynasty of Hamazi[]
Ηγεμόνες Αμάζειας Αμάζεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Hadanish | 360 years | ca. 2500 BC | |
|
Second Dynasty of Uruk[]
Ηγεμόνες Ωρύγειας 2η Ωρύγεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
En-shag-kush-ana | 2376 - 2347 π.Χ. 60 years ca. 25th century BC |
said to have conquered parts of Sumer; then Eannatum of Lagash claims to have taken over Sumer, Kish, and all Mesopotamia. | |
Lugal-kinishe-dudu or Lugal-ure | 2347 - 2327 π.Χ. 120 years |
contemporary with Entemena of Lagash | |
Argandea | 2327 - 2320 π.Χ. 7 years |
||
|
Second Dynasty of Ur[]
Ηγεμόνες Ώρειας 2η Ώρεια Δυναστεία | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα | |
Nanni | 120 years | ca. 25th century BC | ||
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II | 48 years | "the son of Nanni" | ||
(?) | 2 years | |||
|
Dynasty of Adab[]
Ηγεμόνες Αδάβειας 1η Αδάβεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Lugal-Ane-mundu | 90 years ca. 25th century BC |
said to have conquered all Mesopotamia from the Persian Gulf to the Zagros Mountains and Elam | |
|
Dynasty of Mari[]
Ηγεμόνες Μάρειας Μάρεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Anbu | 30 years ca. 25th century BC |
||
Anba | 17 years | "the son of Anbu" | |
Bazi | 30 years | "the leatherworker" | |
Zizi of Mari | 20 years | "the fuller" | |
Limer | 30 years | "the 'gudug' priest" | |
Sharrum-iter | 9 years | ||
|
Third Dynasty of Kish[]
Ηγεμόνες Κίσειας 3η Κίσεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Kug-Bau (Kubaba) | 100 years ca. 25th century BC |
"the woman tavern-keeper, who made firm the foundations of Kish" the only known woman in the King List; said to have gained independence from En-anna-tum I of Lagash and En-shag-kush-ana of Uruk; contemporary with Puzur-Nirah of Akshak, according to the later Chronicle of the É-sagila | |
|
Dynasty of Akshak[]
Ηγεμόνες Αξάγειας Αξάγεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Unzi | 30 years | ca. 25th – 24th century BC | |
Undalulu | 6 years | ||
Urur | 6 years | ||
Puzur-Nirah | 20 years | contemporary with Kug-Bau of Kish, according to the later Chronicle of É-sagila | |
Ishu-Il | 24 years | ||
Shu-Suen of Akshak | 7 years | "the son of Ishu-Il" | |
|
Fourth Dynasty of Kish[]
Ηγεμόνες Κίσειας 4η Κίσεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Puzur-Suen | 25 years ca. 24th – 23rd century BC |
"the son of Kug-Bau" | |
Ur-Zababa | ca. 2300 BC 400 (6?) years |
"the son of Puzur-Suen" according to the king list, Sargon of Akkad was his cup-bearer | |
Zimudar | 30 years | ||
Usi-watar | 7 years | "the son of Zimudar" | |
Eshtar-muti | 11 years | ||
Ishme-Shamash | 11 years | ||
(Shu-ilishu)* | (15 years)* | ||
Nanniya | 7 years ca. 2303-2296 BC (short) |
"the jeweller" | |
|
Third Dynasty of Uruk[]
Ηγεμόνες Ωρύγειας 3η Ωρύγεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Lugal-zage-si | 25 years ca. 2296 - 2271 BC (short) |
said to have defeated Urukagina of Lagash, as well as Kish and other Sumerian cities, creating a unified kingdom; he in turn was overthrown by Sargon of Akkad | |
|
Dynasty of Akkad[]
Ηγεμόνες Ακκαδίας Ακκαδική Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Sargon of Akkad | 40 years ca. 2270–2215 BC (short) |
"whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king of Agade, who built Agade" defeated Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, took over Sumer, and created the Akkadian Empire | |
Rimush of Akkad | 9 years ca. 2214–2206 BC (short) |
"the son of Sargon" | |
Man-ishtishu | 15 years ca. 2205–2191 BC (short) |
"the older brother of Rimush, the son of Sargon" | |
Naram-Sin of Akkad | 56 years ca. 2190–2154 BC (short) |
"the son of Man-ishtishu" | |
Shar-kali-sharri | 25 years ca. 2153–2129 BC (short) |
"the son of Naram-Sin" | |
| |||
"and the 4 of them ruled for only 3 years" ca. 2128–2125 BC (short) |
|||
Dudu of Akkad | 21 years ca. 2125–2104 BC (short) |
||
Shu-Durul | 15 years ca. 2104–2083 BC (short) |
'"the son of Dudu" Akkad falls to the Gutians | |
|
Fourth Dynasty of Uruk[]
- (Possibly rulers of lower Mesopotamia contemporary with the Dynasty of Akkad)
Ηγεμόνες Ωρύγειας 4η Ωρύγεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Ur-ningin | 7 years ca. 2091? – 2061? BC (short) |
||
Ur-gigir | 6 years | "the son of Ur-ningin" | |
Kuda | 6 years | ||
Puzur-ili | 5 years | ||
Ur-Utu (or Lugal-melem) | 25 years | ("the son of Ur-gigir")* | |
|
The 2nd Dynasty of Lagash (before ca. 2093–2046 BC (short)) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions.
Gutian rule[]
Ηγεμόνες Γυτίας Γυταϊκή Δυναστεία | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα | |
| ||||
Inkishush | 6 years ca. 2147–2050 BC (short) |
|||
Zarlagab | 6 years | |||
Shulme (or Yarlagash) | 6 years | |||
Silulumesh (or Silulu) | 6 years | |||
Inimabakesh (or Duga) | 5 years | |||
Igeshaush (or Ilu-An) | 6 years | |||
Yarlagab | 3 years | |||
Ibate of Gutium | 3 years | |||
Yarla (or Yarlangab) | 3 years | |||
Kurum | 1 year | |||
Apilkin | 3 years | |||
La-erabum | 2 years | mace head inscription | ||
Irarum | 2 years | |||
Ibranum | 1 year | |||
Hablum | 2 years | |||
Puzur-Suen | 7 years | "the son of Hablum" | ||
Yarlaganda | 7 years | foundation inscription at Umma | ||
(?) | 7 years | Si-um or Si-u? — foundation inscription at Umma | ||
Tirigan | 40 days | defeated by Utu-hengal of Uruk | ||
|
Fifth Dynasty of Uruk[]
Ηγεμόνες Ωρύγειας 5η Ωρύγεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Utu-hengal | conflicting dates (427 years / 26 years / 7 years) ca. 2055–2048 BC (short) |
defeats Tirigan and the Gutians, appoints Ur-Namma governor of Ur | |
|
Third Dynasty of Ur[]
Ηγεμόνες Ώρειας 3η Ώρεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Ur-Namma (Ur-Nammu) | 18 years ca. 2047–2030 BC (short) |
defeats Nammahani of Lagash; contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk | |
Shulgi | 46 years ca. 2029–1982 BC (short) |
"the son of Ur-Namma" possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC | |
Amar-Suena | 9 years ca. 1981–1973 BC (short) |
"the son of Shulgi" | |
Shu-Suen | 9 years ca. 1972–1964 BC (short) |
"the son of Amar-Suena" | |
Ibbi-Suen | 24 years ca. 1963–1940 BC (short) |
"the son of Shu-Suen" | |
|
Independent Amorite states in lower Mesopotamia. The Dynasty of Larsa (ca. 1961–1674 BC (short)) from this period is not mentioned in the King List.
Dynasty of Isin[]
Ηγεμόνες Ισίνειας Ισίνεια Δυναστεία | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ηγεμόνας | Εξελληνισμένο όνομα |
Χρονολογία | Ιστορικά Γεγονότα |
Ishbi-Erra | 33 years ca. 1953–1730 BC (short) |
contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur | |
Shu-Ilishu | 20 years | "the son of Ishbi-Erra" | |
Iddin-Dagan | 20 years | "the son of Shu-ilishu" | |
Ishme-Dagan | 20 years | "the son of Iddin-Dagan" | |
Lipit-Eshtar | 11 years | "the son of Ishme-Dagan (or Iddin-Dagan)" contemporary of Gungunum of Larsa | |
Ur-Ninurta | 28 years | ("the son of Ishkur, may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life")* Contemporary of Abisare of Larsa | |
Bur-Suen | 21 years | "the son of Ur-Ninurta" | |
Lipit-Enlil | 5 years | "the son of Bur-Suen" | |
Erra-imitti | 8 years | ||
Enlil-bani | 24 years | contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon. During his reign, the king's gardener, to celebrate the New Year was named 'king for a day' then sacrificed, the "king" died during the celebration; Enlil-Bani remained on the throne. | |
Zambiya | 3 years | contemporary of Sin-Iqisham of Larsa | |
Iter-pisha | 4 years | ||
Ur-du-kuga | 4 years | ||
Suen-magir | 11 years | ||
(Damiq-ilishu)* | (23 years)* | ("the son of Suen-magir")* |
* These epithets or names are not included in all versions of the king list.
Υποσημειώσεις[]
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Van De Mieroop, Marc (2004). A History of the Ancient Near East. Blackwell. σελ. 41. ISBN 0-631-22552-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=oknsEhcALLEC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PPA41,M1.
- ↑ The spelling of royal names follows the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- ↑ von Soden, Wolfram; Donald G. Schley, translator (1994). The Ancient Orient. Wm. B. Eerdmans. σελ. 47. ISBN 0-8028-0142-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=n6u2t7dtcEcC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PPA47,M1.
- ↑ translation
- ↑ translation
- ↑ Langdon, OECT2 (1923), pl. 6.
- ↑ [1] Stephen Langdon, Historical inscriptions, containing principally the chronological prism, W-B 444, Oxford University Press, 1923
- ↑ WB-444 High Resolution Image from CDLI. http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P384786.jpg.
- ↑ WB-444 Line Art from CDLI. http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/lineart/P384786_l.jpg.
- ↑ Ancient Iraq: (Assyria and Babylonia), Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, Ashmolean Museum, 1976; The Sumerian King List, T. Jacobsen, University of Chicago Press, 1939, p. 77.
- ↑ "The Early Chronology of Sumer and Egypt and the Similarities in Their Culture", S. Langdon, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 7, No. 3/4, Oct., 1921, p. 133. [2]
- ↑ "The Antediluvian Kings: A University of California Tablet", J. J. Finkelstein, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1963, p. 39.
- ↑ Finkelstein, 1963, pp.39-40.
- ↑ Lambert and Millard, Cuneiform Texts 46 Nr. 5
- ↑ Bilingual Chronicle Fragments, Irving L. Finkel, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, Apr., 1980, pp. 65-80.
- ↑ A copy of the tablet appears in Jan van Dijk and Werner R. Mayer, Texte aus dem Rès-Heiligtum in Uruk-Warka, Bagdader Mitteilungen Beiheft 2 (Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1980), text no. 89 (= BaMB 2 89). For an edition of the text, see J. van Dijk, Die Inschriftenfunde, Vorläufiger Bericht über die... Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka 18 (1962), 44-52 and plate 27. [3]
- ↑ Wright, Henry. The Earliest Bronze Age in Southwest Asia (3100-2700 BC). http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/Civ/papers/Jemdt_Nasr_04D.pdf. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-07-04.
- ↑ [4] Christine Proust, Numerical and Metrological Graphemes: From Cuneiform to Transliteration, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2009, ISSN 1540-8779
- ↑ Harriet Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-53338-6
- ↑ [5] Gilgameš and Aga Translation at ETCSL
Εσωτερική Αρθρογραφία[]
- Σουμερία
- Ακκαδική Αυτοκρατορία
- Σουμέριοι
- Ακκάδιοι
- Σημίτες
- Αμορραίοι
- Αραμαίοι
- Βραχεία Δυναστική Χρονοκλίμακα (Short Chronology Timeline)
Βιβλιογραφία[]
- Jacobsen, Thorkild. The Sumerian King List. Oriental Institute, Assyriological Studies 11, University of Chicago Press, 1939
- Rowton, M. B. The Date of the Sumerian King List, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 156–162, 1960
- P. Steinkeller, An Ur III Manuscript of the Sumerian King List. In Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien: Festschrift fur Claus Wilcke, ed. W. Sallaberger et al., Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 267–92, 2003
- Young, Dwight W. The Incredible Regnal Spans of Kish I in the Sumerian King List, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 23–35, 1991
- Hallo, William W. Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 52–57, 1963
- Vincente, Claudine-Adrienne, "The Tall Leilan Recension of the Sumerian King List", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 50 (1995), 234–270
- Friberg, Jöran. "The Beginning and the End of the Sumerian King List", in A remarkable collection of Babylonian mathematical texts: Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection Cuneiform Texts I, Springer, 2007, ISBN 0-387-34543-4
- Michalowski, Piotr. History as Charter Some Observations on the Sumerian King List, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 237–248, 1983
- Jean-Jacques Glassner, Mesopotamian Chronicles, Brill, 2005, ISBN 90-04-13084-5
- J. J. Finkelstein, The Antediluvian Kings: A University of California Tablet, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 39–51, 1963
- Albrecht Goetze, Early Kings of Kish, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 105–111, 1961
- Thomas Jacobs, The Sumerian King List, UGent paper, GONO department
Ιστογραφία[]
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