Βραβεία Nobel Χημείας

Ακολουθεί κατάλογος βραβευθέντων χημικών.
Κατάλογος[]
Year | Χημικός | Χώρα | Αιτιολογία | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Αρχείο:Vant Hoff.jpg | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | the Netherlands | "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[1] |
1902 | - | Hermann Emil Fischer | Germany | "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[2] |
1903 | - | Svante August Arrhenius Svante | Sweden | "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"[3] |
1904 | - | Sir William Ramsay | United Kingdom | "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[4] |
1905 | - | Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | Germany | "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[5] |
1906 | Henri Moissan | France | "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[6] | |
1907 | - | Eduard Buchner | Germany | "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[7] |
1908 | - | Ernest Rutherford | United Kingdom New Zealand |
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[8] |
1909 | - | Wilhelm Ostwald | Germany | "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"[9] |
1910 | - | Otto Wallach | Germany | "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[10] |
1911 | - | Marie Curie, | France | "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[11] |
1912 | - | Victor Grignard | France | "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"[12] |
- | Paul Sabatier | France | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"[12] | |
1913 | - | Alfred Werner | Switzerland | "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[13] |
1914 | - | Theodore William Richards | United States | "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"[14] |
1915 | - | Richard Martin Willstätter | Germany | "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[15] |
1916 | Not awarded | |||
1917 | Not awarded | |||
1918 | - | Fritz Haber | Germany | "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[16] |
1919 | Not awarded | |||
1920 | - | Walther Hermann Nernst | Germany | "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[17] |
1921 | - | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom | "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[18] |
1922 | - | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom | "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[19] |
1923 | Αρχείο:Fritz Pregl.jpg | Fritz Pregl | Austria | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[20] |
1924 | Not awarded | |||
1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Germany | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[21] | |
1926 | Theodor Svedberg | Sweden | "for his work on disperse systems"[22] | |
1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland | Germany | "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[23] | |
1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Germany | "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"[24] | |
1929 | Arthur Harden | United Kingdom | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[25] | |
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin | Germany | |||
1930 | Hans Fischer | Germany | "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[26] | |
1931 | - | Carl Bosch | Germany | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[27] |
Friedrich Bergius | Friedrich Bergius | Germany | ||
1932 | Αρχείο:Irving Langmuir.jpg | Irving Langmuir | United States | "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"[28] |
1933 | Not awarded | |||
1934 | Αρχείο:Harold Urey.jpg | Harold Clayton Urey | United States | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[29] |
1935 | Frédéric Joliot | France | "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[30] | |
Irene Joliot-Curie | Irene Joliot-Curie | France | ||
1936 | Αρχείο:Debye100.jpg | Peter Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | the Netherlands | "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[31] |
1937 | Walter Norman Haworth | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"[32] | |
Paul Karrer | Switzerland | "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | ||
1938 | Richard Kuhn | Germany | "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[33] | |
1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | Germany | "for his work on sex hormones"[34] | |
Lavoslav Leopold Ruzicka | Switzerland | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[34] | ||
1940 | Not awarded | |||
1941 | Not awarded | |||
1942 | Not awarded | |||
1943 | Αρχείο:George de Hevesy.jpg | George de Hevesy | Hungary | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[35] |
1944 | Otto Hahn | Germany | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[36] | |
1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Finland | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[37] | |
1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | United States | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[38] | |
John Howard Northrop | United States | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[39] | ||
Wendell Meredith Stanley | Wendell Meredith Stanley | United States | ||
1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[40] | |
1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | Sweden | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"[41] | |
1949 | William Francis Giauque | United States | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[42] | |
1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[43] | |
Kurt Alder | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan | United States | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[44] | |
Glenn Theodore Seaborg | Glenn Theodore Seaborg | United States | ||
1952 | Archer John Porter Martin | United Kingdom | "for their invention of partition chromatography"[45] | |
Richard Laurence Millington Synge | United Kingdom | |||
1953 | Hermann Staudinger | Federal Republic of Germany | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[46] | |
1954 | Αρχείο:Pauling.jpg | Linus Carl Pauling | United States | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[47] |
1955 | Αρχείο:Vincent du Vigneaud 1955.jpg | Vincent du Vigneaud | United States | "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"[48] |
1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood | United Kingdom | "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"[49] | |
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov | USSR | |||
1957 | Baron Lord Alexander R. Todd | United Kingdom | "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"[50] | |
1958 | Αρχείο:Frederick Sanger2.jpg | Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"[51] |
1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovský | Czechoslovakia | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"[52] | |
1960 | Willard Frank Libby | United States | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"[53] | |
1961 | Αρχείο:Melvin Calvin.jpg | Melvin Calvin | United States | "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[54] |
1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz | United Kingdom | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[55] | |
John Cowdery Kendrew | John Cowdery Kendrew | United Kingdom | ||
1963 | Karl Ziegler | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[56] | |
Giulio Natta | Italy | |||
1964 | Αρχείο:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin.jpg | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[57] |
1965 | Robert Burns Woodward | United States | "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"[58] | |
1966 | Robert S. Mulliken | United States | "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"[59] | |
1967 | Manfred Eigen | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"[60] | |
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish | United Kingdom | |||
George Porter | United Kingdom | |||
1968 | Lars Onsager | United States | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"[61] | |
1969 | Derek H. R. Barton | United Kingdom | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[62] | |
Odd Hassel | Norway | |||
1970 | Αρχείο:Luis Federico Leloir - young.jpg | Luis F. Leloir | Argentina | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[63] |
1971 | Gerhard Herzberg | Canada | "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[64] | |
1972 | Αρχείο:Christian B. Anfinsen, NIH portrait, 1969.jpg | Christian B. Anfinsen | United States | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[65] |
Stanford Moore | United States | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[65] | ||
William H. Stein | United States | |||
1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"[66] | |
Geoffrey Wilkinson | United Kingdom | |||
1974 | Paul J. Flory | United States | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"[67] | |
1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | Australia United Kingdom |
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[68] | |
Vladimir Prelog | Switzerland | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[68] | ||
1976 | William N. Lipscomb | United States | "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[69] | |
1977 | Ilya Prigogine | Belgium | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[70] | |
1978 | Peter D. Mitchell | United Kingdom | "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"[71] | |
1979 | Herbert C. Brown | United States | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[72] | |
Georg Wittig | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1980 | Αρχείο:Paul Berg in 1980.jpg | Paul Berg | United States | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[73] |
Walter Gilbert | Walter Gilbert | United States | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[73] | |
Frederick Sanger | Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | ||
1981 | Kenichi Fukui | Japan | "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[74] | |
Roald Hoffmann | United States | |||
1982 | Aaron Klug | United Kingdom | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[75] | |
1983 | Henry Taube | United States | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"[76] | |
1984 | Αρχείο:Robert B. Merrifield.jpg | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[77] |
1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman | United States | "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[78] | |
Jerome Karle | United States | |||
1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach | Dudley R. Herschbach | United States | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"[79] |
Yuan T. Lee | United States | |||
John C. Polanyi | Canada | |||
1987 | Donald J. Cram | United States | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"[80] | |
Jean-Marie Lehn | Jean-Marie Lehn | France | ||
Charles J. Pedersen | United States | |||
1988 | Johann Deisenhofer | Federal Republic of Germany | "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[81] | |
Robert Huber | Robert Huber | Federal Republic of Germany | ||
Hartmut Michel | Federal Republic of Germany | |||
1989 | Sidney Altman | Canada United States |
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[82] | |
Thomas R. Cech | Thomas R. Cech | United States | ||
1990 | Elias James Corey | United States | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[83] | |
1991 | Richard R. Ernst | Switzerland | "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[84] | |
1992 | Αρχείο:Prof. Dr. Rudolph A. Marcus.jpg | Rudolph A. Marcus | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[85] |
1993 | Kary B. Mullis | United States | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"[86] | |
Michael Smith | Canada | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[86] | ||
1994 | George A. Olah | United States | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[87] | |
1995 | Paul J. Crutzen | Paul J. Crutzen | the Netherlands | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[88] |
Mario J. Molina | Mario J. Molina | United States | ||
Αρχείο:F. Sherwood Rowland.jpg | F. Sherwood Rowland | United States | ||
1996 | Robert F. Curl Jr. | United States | "for their discovery of fullerenes"[89] | |
Harold Kroto | Sir Harold W. Kroto | United Kingdom | ||
Richard E. Smalley | United States | |||
1997 | Paul D. Boyer | United States | "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"[90] | |
John E. Walker | United Kingdom | |||
Jens C. Skou | Denmark | "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"[90] | ||
1998 | Walter Kohn | United States | "for his development of the density-functional theory"[91] | |
John A. Pople | United Kingdom | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"[91] | ||
1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail | Egypt United States |
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[92] | |
2000 | Alan J. Heeger | United States | "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"[93] | |
Alan G MacDiarmid | United States New Zealand | |||
Hideki Shirakawa | Japan | |||
2001 | William S. Knowles | United States | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"[94] | |
Ryoji Noyori | Ryoji Noyori | Japan | ||
K. Barry Sharpless | United States | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"[95] | ||
2002 | John B. Fenn | John B. Fenn | United States | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"[96] |
Koichi Tanaka | Japan | |||
Kurt Wüthrich | Kurt Wüthrich | Switzerland | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[96] | |
2003 | Peter Agre | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[97] | |
Roderick MacKinnon | Roderick MacKinnon | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"[97] | |
2004 | Αρχείο:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg | Aaron Ciechanover | Israel | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[98] |
Αρχείο:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg | Avram Hershko | Israel | ||
Αρχείο:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg | Irwin Rose | United States | ||
2005 | Yves Chauvin | France | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"[99] | |
Robert Grubbs | Robert H. Grubbs | United States | ||
Richard R. Schrock | United States | |||
2006 | Αρχείο:Roger.Kornberg.JPG | Roger D. Kornberg | United States | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[100] |
2007 | Αρχείο:Prof Ertl-Portrait.jpg | Gerhard Ertl | Germany | "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[101] |
2008 | Osamu Shimomura | United States[102] | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[103] | |
Martin Chalfie | United States | |||
Roger Y. Tsien | United States |
Υποσημειώσεις[]
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1914/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1915/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1923/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1927/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1930/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 34,0 34,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1945/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1952/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1955/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1957/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1959/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1963/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 65,0 65,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 68,0 68,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 73,0 73,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1983/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1988/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1989/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 86,0 86,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 90,0 90,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 91,0 91,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 96,0 96,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 97,0 97,1 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-06.
- ↑ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release. Nobelprize.org. 2008-10-08. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-08.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/index.html. Ανακτήθηκε την 2008-10-08.
Εσωτερική Αρθρογραφία[]
- Βραβεία Nobel Φυσικής
- Βραβεία Nobel Ιατρικής
- Βραβεία Nobel Οικονομίας
Βιβλιογραφία[]
Ιστογραφία[]
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Αν και θα βρείτε εξακριβωμένες πληροφορίες "Οι πληροφορίες αυτές μπορεί πρόσφατα Πρέπει να λάβετε υπ' όψη ότι Επίσης, |
- Μην κάνετε χρήση του περιεχομένου της παρούσας εγκυκλοπαίδειας
αν διαφωνείτε με όσα αναγράφονται σε αυτήν
- Όχι, στις διαφημίσεις που περιέχουν απαράδεκτο περιεχόμενο (άσεμνες εικόνες, ροζ αγγελίες κλπ.)